scholarly journals Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Zając ◽  
Grzegorz Maj ◽  
Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz ◽  
Tomasz Słowik ◽  
Paweł Krzaczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains

The paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition of ashes from three types of waste biomass in terms of fertilizer usefulness. Waste from the process of corn grain drying, including corn cobs, corn grains and corn husk and their mixtures in the ratio 4:1 (v/v) were examined. The study proved that corn grain was the material with the highest concentration of macroelements among those studied (P—21,452 ppm, K—25,970 ppm, S—5911 ppm) and the mixture of corn cobs with corn grains (Ca—81,521 ppm). When microelements were considered, the highest concentration was recorded for corn cobs (Cu—207 ppm, Mn—844 ppm, Zn—857 ppm) and corn husk (Fe—15,100 ppm). The analysis of toxic elements in the ashes of the biomass studied showed their highest concentration in corn husk ash (Ni—494 ppm, Cr—301 ppm, Pb—42.7 ppm, As—4.62 ppm). The analysis showed that regardless of the type of biomass studied, all ashes were strongly enriched (in relation to the average soil content) with phosphorus and corn husk ash with calcium in particular. A slight enrichment in copper and lead was recorded for all ashes, and moderate or low for the other elements. It was found that the examined ashes from biomass, which is a residue from the drying of maize grain, have a high fertilizer usefulness.

scholarly journals Energy and Emission Characteristics of Biowaste from the Corn Grain Drying Process

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Maj ◽  
Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz ◽  
Grzegorz Zając ◽  
Tomasz Słowik ◽  
Paweł Krzaczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Corn Grain

This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the energy potential of waste from the process of drying corn grain in the form of corn cobs, damaged grains, corn grain husks, and mixtures of starting materials. A technical and elementary analysis was performed for the biomass under investigation. The elemental composition of ash and the tendencies for slagging and boiler slagging were determined, and the emission factors were estimated based on the elemental analysis performed. The tests showed the highest calorific value among the starting materials for corn cobs (CCs) (14.94 MJ·kg−1) and for the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk (CC–CH) (13.70 MJ·kg−1). The estimated emission factors were within ranges of 38.26–63.26 kg·Mg−1 for CO, 936–1549 kg·Mg−1 for CO2, 0.85–4.32 kg·Mg−1 for NOx, 0.91–1.03 kg·Mg−1 for SO2, and 3.88–54.31 kg·Mg−1 for dust. The research showed that the creation of mixtures from starting materials leads to materials with lower potential for negative environmental impact as well as a reduced risk of slagging and fouling of biomass boilers. However, taking into account all the parameters determined for the biomass under study, the highest energy potential was characteristic for corn cobs and the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk.

scholarly journals Corn grains losses in the function of different speeds of the harvesting

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
E. Neves ◽  
B. S. Oliveira ◽  
W. D. A. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Grain Losses ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Made In ◽  
Corn Grains

The main objective of this work was to quantify and evaluate the occurrence of corn grain losses due to the different speeds of the harvesting machine in the second harvest, considering that, in the state of Mato Grosso, corn cultivation, mainly in the off-season, has been gaining space every year due to the increase in both the quality and the quantity of grains planted and harvested in the state. The frame was made in relation to the size of the platform with 0.37 m in length, the frame was superimposed on the straw to collect the grains lost by the harvester. The experiment was carried out at speeds of 3.5; 4,5; 5.0; 5.5 and 6 km.h-1 with rotation of 540 per minute in the cylinder and concave in the opening position No. 05 corresponding to 50 mm of standardized opening for all speeds, where it was possible to observe that there were no significant losses of corn kernels with the speed of the harvester 3.5 km.h-1. The variation between the losses is 30.2 kg per hectare of whole corn grains, between the speeds of harvest tested. It was concluded that the speed of the harvester of 3.5 km.h-1 has lower losses of corn kernels when compared to the other speeds experienced, noting that this loss was lower, acceptable for maize.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF DRYING CORN GRAIN IN A MODULAR TYPE DRYER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zanko ◽  
◽  
T. Gaidai ◽  
S. Stepchenko ◽  
N. Nilova
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Corn Grain

Aim. Investigation of the influence of natural factors on the quality of grain drying in a grain modular dryer. Methods. Experimental studies in operational conditions and graphical modeling of dried grain moisture depending on natural factors. The results. The change in the environmental conditions causes a certain influence on the return of the spent waste dryer to the environment and the processes of drying the grain in it. This causes the production of undried grain and reduced drying efficiency. The influence of natural factors - temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed on the humidity of corn grain during its drying with a single-module grain dryer has been studied. The output of the refrigerant with moisture vapor is carried out through the perforated panels of the dryer circuit and at the same time experiences some resistance from atmospheric pressure. The results show that the reduction of atmospheric pressure helps to reduce the resistance for the exit of the coolant through the surface of the dryer housing. As a result, the coolant in the chamber is more efficiently spent on the grain drying process. This is evidenced by the simultaneous decrease in pressure and humidity of the dried grain The dryer is also affected by the wind: its body experiences cooling, and the drying temperature and drying conditions of the grain deteriorate. Thus, during the research period, the wind speed decreased from 5,3 m / s to 4,4 m / s, and the humidity of the dried grain decreased from 15,2 % to 13,9 %. That is, the reduction of the effect of wind on the surface of the dryer has a positive effect on the drying process of grain. The ambient air is characterized by the moisture present in it. Its reduction in atmospheric air promotes better moisture yield from corn grain and the "filling" of this air moisture: the humidity of the dried grain decreases. The positive temperature of the atmospheric air causes additional thermal action on the dryer and the drying process in it. In this case, the heat supplied to the working chamber of the dryer is more productively used for the drying process: in accordance with the increase in atmospheric air temperature, the humidity of the dried grain decreased from 15,2 % to 13,9 %. Based on the results of experimental studies, graphical dependences of the humidity of dried corn grain on humidity, pressure, temperature and velocity of atmospheric air are constructed. The grain harvester is a system adapter for Conclusions. Conclusions. The process of grain drying and the moisture content of the resulting dried grain of modular grain dryers depends on the influence of objective natural factors. These include, in particular, the weather conditions during the operation of dryers. With an increase in humidity, pressure and air velocity, the quality of drying deteriorates: when the moisture content of the grain decreases from 18,5 ° C to the regulated 14 %, with a single pass through the dryer, the moisture content of the dried grain exceeds the regulated one and vice versa. Drying grain in conditions of positive ambient air temperatures, especially at an air temperature of more than 21 °C, is most favorable for obtaining grain with a moisture content that is significantly less than 14 % and vice versa. Low wind speed, dry and warm atmospheric air with low pressure contribute to the production of dried grain with regulated humidity. For the maximum elimination of the unfavorable influence of natural factors on the quality of operation of modular dryers according to the criterion of the moisture content of dried grain in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, it is advisable to carry out the drying process in the period from late September to early October.

scholarly journals Influence of maize grain drying process on its in situ degradability in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Matthé ◽  
P. Lebzien ◽  
G. Flachowsky
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Maize Grain

scholarly journals Study on the Variable-Temperature Drying Process of Corn Drying in an Industrial Corn-Drying System Equipped with a Self-Adaptive Control Heat Exchanger

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2772
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Zhiheng Zeng ◽  
Xuefeng Zhang ◽  
Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Kinetic ◽  
Drying System ◽  
Self Adaptive

To realize energy-saving and efficient industrial grain drying, the present work studied the variable-temperature drying process of corn drying in a novel industrial corn-drying system with a heat recycling and self-adaptive control function. The drying kinetics, thermal performance, heat-loss characteristics and the heat-recycling performance of the drying system under different allocations between flue gas and hot air were investigated, and the optimized drying process was proposed and compared with two constant drying processes. The results showed that the optimized drying process exhibited better drying kinetic and thermal performance than the two constant drying processes. More specifically, the total heat loss, total energy consumption and specific energy consumption of the optimized drying process were ascertained to be 36,132.85 MJ, 48,803.99 MJ and 7290.27 kJ/kg, respectively, which were lower than those of the other two processes. On the other hand, the thermal efficiency of the drying chamber for the optimized drying process was ascertained to be varied within the range of 6.81–41.71%. Overall, the validation results showed that the optimized drying process can significantly improve the drying performance of the drying system.

scholarly journals Pollution Characteristics, Distribution and Ecological Risk of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils from an Abandoned Coal Mine Area in Southwestern China

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Libo Pan ◽  
Xiao Guan ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Yanjun Chen ◽  
Ying Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Background Values

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned coal mines can lead to serious environmental problems due to its low pH and high concentrations of potentially toxic elements. In this study, soil pH, sulfur (S) content, and arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in 27 surface soil samples from areas in which coal-mining activities ceased nine years previously in Youyu Catchment, Guizhou Province, China. The soil was acidic, with a mean pH of 5.28. Cadmium was the only element with a mean concentration higher than the national soil quality standard. As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Fe concentrations were all higher than the background values in Guizhou Province. This was especially true for the Cd, Cu, and Fe concentrations, which were 1.69, 1.95, and 12.18 times their respective background values. The geoaccumulation index of Cd and Fe was present at unpolluted to moderately polluted and heavily polluted levels, respectively, indicating higher pollution levels than for the other elements in the study area. Spatially, significantly high Fe and S concentrations, as well as extremely low pH values, were found in the soils of the AMD sites; however, sites where tributaries merged with the Youyu River (TM) had the highest Cd pollution level. Iron originated mainly from non-point sources (e.g., AMD and coal gangues), while AMD and agricultural activity were the predominant sources of Cd. The results of an eco-risk assessment indicated that Cd levels presented a moderate potential ecological risk, while the other elements all posed a low risk. For the TM sites, the highest eco-risk was for Cd, with levels that could be harmful for aquatic organisms in the wet season, and may endanger human health via the food chain.

Relationship of the drying process of a corn grain with the thermal emissivity and optical interference in the mid infrared range

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 3470
Author(s):  
Carlos Villaseñor-Mora ◽  
Francisco J. Gantes-Nunez ◽  
Arturo Gonzalez-Vega ◽  
Victor H. Hernandez-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Range ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Optical Interference ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Thermal Emissivity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Corn Grain

Comparative effectiveness of the use of wet flattened corn grain in the rations of lactating cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
K. V. Kireeva ◽  
I. A. Pushkaryev ◽  
N. M. Kostomakhin ◽  
T. A. Litvintseva
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains ◽  
Daily Milk

In order to effectively provide the body of cows with energy during the increasing the milk yield without the risk of acidosis, progressive animal breeders of the Altai Territory include wet flattened corn grain in the composition of concentrated feed. The question of the expediency and economic effectiveness of using wet flattened corn grain for cows of various physiological groups – first-calf heifers and mature animals continues to be debatable. Therefore, a comparative assessment of two options for feeding wet flattened corn grain to cows under the conditions of the Altai Territory is considered promising in modern animal husbandry and is of great practical interest. The purpose of the work was to identify the optimal and economically feasible option for using wet flattened corn grain in the rations of lactating cows. When using wet flattened corn grains in an amount of 7,1 % of the nutritional value of the ration the first-calf heifers during the period of increasing the milk yield, productivity has increased by 20,9 %. The average daily milk yield was 17,3 kg, which significantly exceeded the indicator of the control group (P > 0,95). The inclusion of wet flattened corn grains in the ration of mature cows in the amount of 1 kg for 30–35 days before calving, then 4,5 kg from 15 to 75 days after calving allows us to get the average daily milk yield of 30 kg or 20,3 % higher than that of the control group of herdmates (P > 0,95). The effectiveness of the use of wet flattened corn grain had significant indicators: the total profit from the sale of dairy products of the first-calf heifers of the experimental group amounted to 16 251,3 rubles/head, and from the sale of milk of mature cows of the experimental group it was 30 346,43 rubles/head.

scholarly journals Sources of Potentially Toxic Elements in Sediments of the Mussulo Lagoon (Angola) and Implications for Human Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Dinis ◽  
Amílcar Armando ◽  
João Pratas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Grain Size Distributions ◽  
Lagoon Sediments

The Mussulo lagoon is a coastal environment located near Luanda, one of the SW African cities that has been growing more rapidly during the last decades. Geochemical, mineralogical, and grain-size data obtained for the lagoon sediments are analyzed together, in order to establish the factors that control the distribution of some potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Sediments from northern location tend to be enriched in feldspar and, despite some variability in grain-size distributions, in fine-grained detrital minerals; southern lagoon sediments display very homogenous grain-size distribution and are enriched in minerals associated with salt precipitation (halite and gypsum). Multivariate statistics reveal a close link between some PTEs, namely Co, Hg, Ni, and Pb, for which an anthropogenic source can be postulated. On the other end, As seems to be associated with natural authigenic precipitation in southern lagoon sectors. Sediments enriched in clay also tend to yield more Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, but it is unclear whether their sources are natural or anthropogenic. Hazard indexes calculated for children are higher than 1 for As and Co, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk. For the other elements, and for adults, there is no potential carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk.

scholarly journals Environmentally friendly synthesis of photoluminescent biochar dots from waste soy residues for rapid monitoring of potentially toxic elements

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 21653-21659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Zhang ◽  
Wanpeng Liu ◽  
Haifeng Zhuang ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Carbon Precursor ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Rapid Monitoring

Waste biomass was used as a carbon precursor to prepare photoluminescent biochar dots for economical and eco-friendly monitoring of Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions.

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