scholarly journals Sustainability of High-Value Timber Species in Mixed Conifer–Broadleaf Forest Managed under Selection System in Northern Japan

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Kyaw Thu Moe ◽  
Toshiaki Owari
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Species Proportions ◽  
Northern Japan

Understanding the sustainability of high-value timber species in managed forests provides useful information for the management of these species in the long-run. Using nearly 50 years of census data in long-term permanent plots, we investigated the sustainability of three high-value timber species—monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel), castor aralia (Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz), and Japanese oak (Quercus crispula Blume)—in cool-temperate mixed forest under a selection system in northern Japan. We used stocking, demographic parameters, and species proportions of these species as measures of sustainability. Results showed that the tree density and basal area of the three high-value timber species increased during the study period. Moreover, the basal area increment of these species showed an increasing trend across census periods. However, while no significant differences in the tree mortality of these species were observed, the numbers of in-growth fluctuated across census periods. Increasing trends in species proportions of monarch birch and Japanese oak were observed. Even though there were some fluctuations across census periods, especially in smaller diameter classes, diameter distribution curves of high-value timber species followed a reversed J-shaped pattern. The results revealed that the sustainability measures of high-value timber species can be achieved in forest stands managed under single-tree selection system. In addition, the results also indicated the changing structure and composition of the forest stand. The stocking and basal area increment of conifers decreased while those of broadleaves increased. The proportion of conifers decreased to 33.01% in 2008–2016 from 48.35% in 1968–1978. The results of this study would be useful for adapting silvicultural practices and harvesting practices as well as for simulating various silvicultural and management options for high-value timber species.

CRESCIMENTO, MORTALIDADE, INGRESSO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA

FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho ◽  
Andrea Nogueira Dias ◽  
Thiago Floriani Stepka ◽  
Alex Roberto Sawczuk
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Forest Dynamic ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

A dinâmica de uma Floresta Ombrófila Mista existente na Floresta Nacional de Irati foi avaliada e comparada com resultados de outras pesquisas similares no Sul do Brasil. Os dados advêm de parcelas permanentes (25 ha de área) medidas em 2002, 2005 e 2008. Todas as árvores com diâmetros à altura do peito maiores que 10 cm foram consideradas. Os incrementos em diâmetro e área basal por hectare foram determinados, bem como as taxas de mortalidade e ingresso. Os resultados são apresentados para a floresta como um todo e para as 10 espécies de maior ocorrência. Informações do número de espécies, gêneros, famílias e a evolução da distribuição diamétrica são relatadas. A floresta apresentou 567 árvores/ha, distribuídas em 117 espécies, 80 gêneros e 46 famílias. O incremento médio em diâmetro e em área basal foi de 0,24 cm e 0,23 m2/ha/ano. A taxa média anual de mortalidade e de ingresso foi de 1,77 e 1,38%. A área basal foi de 28,7, 29,9 e 30,1 m2/ha em 2002, 2005 e 2008. A floresta e algumas espécies têm uma distribuição diamétrica decrescente, com poucas alterações em sua dinâmica. O trabalho faz ainda uma retrospectiva dos estudos da dinâmica da Floresta Ombrófila Mista no Sul do Brasil.Palavras-chave: Floresta com araucária; incremento; dinâmica florestal; parcelas permanentes. AbstractGrowth, mortality, ingrowth, and diameter distribution in a Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest. The dynamic of a Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest fragment located in the Irati National Forest was evaluated and compared to the results obtained by other similar researches from Southern Brazil. The data came from permanent plots (25 ha) measured in the years 2002, 2005 and 2008. All the trees with DBH larger than 10 cm were considered. The mean diameter increments and the basal area per hectare were determined, as well as the mortality and ingrowth rates. The results were presented for all the species and for the 10 of higher occurrence. The number of species, genus, families, and the diametric distributions were also determined. A total of 567 trees/ha, from 117 species, 80 genus, and 46 families were observed. The annual mean diameter increment and the basal area were 0.24 cm and 0.23 m²/ha, respectively. The annual mean mortality was 1.77% and the ingrowth rate 1.38%. The basal area was 28.7, 29.9 and 30.1 m²/ha in the studied period. The forest and some species presented a decreasing diameter distribution with few dynamic changes. This research also presented a retrospective of other Ombrophyllous Mixed Forest dynamic studies in southern Brazil.Keywords: Araucaria forest; increment; forest dynamic; permanent plots.

scholarly journals Structural and compositional responses to timber harvesting for an old-growth forest on Changbai Mountain, China – Short Communication

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gu ◽  
L. Dai
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Broadleaved-Korean pine (<I>Pinus koraiensis</I>) mixed forest is a dominant native vegetation type in the eastern Eurasian Continent. We intended to examine the implications of high-intensity timber harvesting (ca 70% of stand volume) for the sustainable management of a mixed forest ecosystem. We measured trees at three sites: control without cutting, older-cut site cut in 1987 and newer-cut site (cutting in 1997). There were significant differences in structure and composition between these three sites in 2003. There were 4,441 trees of 14 species with basal area 56 m<sup>2</sup> at control plot, 6,314 trees of 16 species with basal area 9 m<sup>2</sup> at newer-cut site and 8,438 trees of 21 species with basal area 31 m<sup>2</sup> at older-cut site (all on the area of 1 ha). The high-intensity timber harvesting system helped promote natural regeneration and the growth of small trees but it also allowed light-demanding tree species to invade into the forest. Dominant position and suitable diameter distribution of economically important species (<I>Pinus koraiensis</I> and <I>Tilia amurensis</I>) were maintained across the three sites. The existing timber harvesting appears to consider short-term economic values to a larger extent than long-term ecological values. To manage the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest for both timber production and biodiversity conservation, timber-harvesting intensity must be lowered.

scholarly journals Forest Tree Composition: A Comparative Study of Timber Species in Bayelsa State Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Samuel Olatokunbo Ihinmikaiye ◽  
Bernard Edache Ochekwu ◽  
Josiah Muonam Ikuli ◽  
Doris Akinjagunla Atinuke ◽  
Abel Zikenal Keresinbofa
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Sample Plot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Timber Tree

Measuring tree species diversity is critical for forest management, particularly where timber species suffer undue anthropogenic pressure. This study was carried out in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A sample plot was systematically chosen from randomly selected communities in each of the three senatorial districts Bayelsa West (BW), Bayelsa East (BE) and Bayelsa Central (BC) of the State. Each sample plots measured 25 m x 25 m and all timber tree species that were at least six feet above ground level within each sample plot were identified, counted and measured. Fifty individual timbers were encountered in the sample plot at Ogobiri community in BW, fifty-two at Kolo 1 community in BE and fifty-six at Gbarain community in BC belonged to 18, 16 and 14 different families respectively. Families with the largest number of species in the plots were Gentianaceae and Meliaceae, and the highest diversity indices were recorded from BE senatorial district. Generally, the basal area of the sample plots increases with an increase in diameter at breast height. The forested zones were on flat terrain characterized by seasonal flood inundation, and the similarities of timber species in the plots occurred as (BW-BC)> (BW-BE)> (BC-BE). Also, four tree species Coelocaryon preussii, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Milicia excelsa and Triplochiton scleroxylon were identified as rare species, and management options that would ensure ad infinitum supply of timber species were proposed.

scholarly journals Cavity Trees, Snags, and Selection Cutting: A Northern Hardwood Case Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Kenefic ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Selection Cutting

Abstract Although traditional application of the selection system includes a focus on high-value trees that may reduce cavities and snags, few studies have quantified those habitat features in managed uneven-aged stands. We examined the effects of single-tree selection cutting on cavity trees and snags in a northern hardwood stand immediately prior to the second cutting. Marking followed guidelines proposed by Arbogast, C., Jr. (1957. Marking guides for northern hardwoods under selection system. US For. Serv. Res. Pap. 56, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 20 p.), with the objective of improving stand quality for timber production while maintaining a balanced diameter distribution. The stand contained seven species of cavity trees and snags; sugar maple and American beech were most common, the latter comprising 20% of snags and 26% of cavity trees despite its relatively minor (7%) contribution to stand basal area. We found that 92% of cavity trees were live, underscoring the value of living trees as sources of cavities. Precut cavity tree density (25.2 live cavity trees per hectare) was more than twice that found in other studies of selection stands, although density of snags (11.0 snags per hectare) was comparable or lower. More than 50% of sampled cavity trees were designated for removal in the second selection cut, reducing projected postcut density to 11.0 live cavity trees per hectare, a density similar to that found in other studies. Postcut density of large cavity trees (3.3 live trees >45 cm dbh per hectare) exceeded published guidelines for northern hardwoods (0.25 to 2.5 live cavity trees >45 cm dbh per hectare). We speculate that the relatively high maximum diameter (61 cm dbh) and long cutting cycle (20 years) used to define the target stand structure may have contributed to the number of cavity trees observed. Nevertheless, selection cutting as applied in this study will likely reduce cavity abundance unless retention of trees with decay is explicitly incorporated into the management strategy.

Six-Year Response of Northern Hardwoods to the Selection System

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Mader ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Optimum Diameter ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract During 6 years following selection cutting, three northern hardwood stands grew 2.8 to 3.3 square feet in basal area and 316 to 332 board feet (Int.) per acre per year. Over two-thirds of the volume accrued on trees at least 16 inches dbh. Individual trees grew most rapidly at lowest residual basal areas, with growth of small trees most sensitive to differences in stand density. Irregularities in the diameter distribution became less distinct during the 6 years. About 60 to 70% of the regeneration was of commercial species, and more than 316 seedlings per acre grew to heights of at least 6 feet. Most plots with 6-foot regeneration had advance seedlings at least 1 foot tall at the time of cutting. Results confirm the validity of the selection system, and indicate that uneven-aged northern hardwood stands with a reasonably well-balanced diameter distribution can be repeatedly cut at 12- to 15-year intervals to a constant, optimum diameter distribution. North. J. Appl. For. 1:87-91, Dec. 1984.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND REGENERATION STATUS OF TREE SPECIES IN KYONGNOSLA ALPINE SANCTUARY, EASTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-257
Author(s):  
Subhajit Lahiri ◽  
Sudhansu Sekhar Dash
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Regeneration Status ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Over Exploitation

Habitat destruction, over exploitation, monoculture are major reasons for loss of primary forests in Himalaya. Tree population, composition and diversity particularly in the temperate Himalaya play a key role in the maintenance of many ecosystem services and natural biogeochemical cycles. The present study explores composition and regeneration status of tree species in a temperate mixed forest in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India.  Two sites at an elevation range of 2800–3800 m were selected and 20 plots of 20 m × 20 m for trees, 80 plots of 5 m × 5 m for saplings, and 160 plots of 1 m × 1 m for seedlings were sampled to study the regeneration status. A total of 17 tree species belonging to 9 genera and 8 families were recorded of which Rhododendron was the most dominant genus with maximum number of species. All the phytosociological attributes, such as relative density, abundance and important value index were calculated. The average species richness of adult trees and saplings was 13.5± 0.7 and for seedlings it was 12.5 ± 0.07. The mean density of seedlings was 3609.77 ± 494.39 individuals/ ha, for saplings  1540 ± 113.13 individuals/ha and of mature trees  548.75 ± 8.83 individuals/ha. Total basal area cover ranged from 36.61 to 40.35 m2/ha for trees, from 1.54 to 1.71 m2/ha for saplings.  Fair regeneration was observed in 64.72% of total species; good regeneration observed in 17.64% species, 11.76 % species exhibited poor regeneration while 5.88% showed no regeneration.  Density-diameter distribution exhibited decrease in tree densities towards higher DBH classes. The study not only provides reliable information on the ecosystem’s health of the sanctuary but also will help in understanding the complexity of the ecosystem function and an approach to conservation of biota.

scholarly journals Probability density functions for description of diameter distribution in thinned stands of Tectona grandis

CERNE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Henrique Breda Binoti ◽  
Mayra Luiza Marques da Silva Binoti ◽  
Helio Garcia Leite ◽  
Leonardo Fardin ◽  
Julianne de Castro Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fatigue life, Frechet, Gamma, Generalized Gamma, Generalized Logistic, Log-logistic, Nakagami, Beta, Burr, Dagum, Weibull and Hyperbolic distributions in describing diameter distribution in teak stands subjected to thinning at different ages. Data used in this study originated from 238 rectangular permanent plots 490 m² in size, installed in stands of Tectona grandis L. f. in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The plots were measured at ages 34, 43, 55, 68, 81, 82, 92, 104, 105, 120, 134 and 145 months on average. Thinning was done in two occasions: the first was systematic at age 81months, with a basal area intensity of 36%, while the second was selective at age 104 months on average and removed poorer trees, reducing basal area by 30%. Fittings were assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. The Log-logistic (3P), Burr (3P), Hyperbolic (3P), Burr (4P), Weibull (3P), Hyperbolic (2P), Fatigue Life (3P) and Nakagami functions provided more satisfactory values for the k-s test than the more commonly used Weibull function.

A Validation of TWIGS for Illinois Forests

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Kowalski ◽  
George Z. Gertner
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Growth Projection

Abstract The predictive ability of the Central States growth and yield system TWIGS 3.0 was evaluated for Illinois forests. The data used to validate the system were collected from permanent plots that had been established throughout the state and maintained for up to 30 years. TWIGS growth predictions were analyzed through the differences between observed and predicted stand and species characteristics. TWIGS consistently overpredicted mean stand diameter and underpredicted tree survival over a 30-year growth projection. The combined result of prediction errors in diameter growth and tree survival was a consistent underprediction of basal area per acre. Percent error at the twentieth year of projection was -6% for mean stand diameter, 18% for tree survival, and 6% for basal area. TWIGS, with its simulation features and small relative prediction errors for some major timber species, is an adequate growth and yield system for Illinois' mixed hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 6:154-156, December 1989.

Growth and management of mixed Pinus sylvestris - Quercus robur stands in Flanders, Belgium

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
J. Neirynck ◽  
G. Sioen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Pine Stands

Mature  Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris  L.) stands are dominating large parts of the Flemish forest area. Broadleaved  species regenerate spontaneously under this pine canopy. This study studied  the growth and development of two planted pine stands with an older natural  regeneration, dominated by pedunculate oak (Quercus  robur L.), and discussed management options for  similar stands.     The results indicated a rather good growth of the stands, with current  annual increments of 5 m3.ha-1.yr-1. The pine overstorey is growing into valuable sawwood  dimensions, while the broadleaved understorey slowly grows into the  upperstorey. The quality of the regeneration is moderate but can be improved  by silvicultural measurements (pruning, early selection).     In both stands, an interesting (timber production, nature conservation)  admixture of secondary tree species is present in the regeneration. Stand  management is evolving from the classical clearcut system towards a  combination of a type of selection and group selection system.

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