scholarly journals Fracture Seismic: Mapping Subsurface Connectivity

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Sicking ◽  
Peter Malin
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Fracture Fluid ◽  
Passive Seismic ◽  
Reservoir Connectivity ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Earth Deformations

Fracture seismic is the method for recording and analyzing passive seismic data for mapping the fractures in the subsurface. Fracture seismic is able to map the fractures because of two types of mechanical actions in the fractures. First, in cohesive rock, fractures can emit short duration energy pulses when growing at their tips through opening and shearing. The industrial practice of recording and analyzing these short duration events is commonly called micro-seismic. Second, coupled rock–fracture–fluid interactions take place during earth deformations and this generates signals unique to the fracture’s physical characteristics. This signal appears as harmonic resonance of the entire, fluid-filled fracture. These signals can be initiated by both external and internal changes in local pressure, e.g., a passing seismic wave, tectonic deformations, and injection during a hydraulic well treatment. Fracture seismic is used to map the location, spatial extent, and physical characteristics of fractures. The strongest fracture seismic signals come from connected fluid-pathways. Fracture seismic observations recorded before, during, and after hydraulic stimulations show that such treatments primarily open pre-existing fractures and weak zones in the rocks. Time-lapse fracture seismic methods map the flow of fluids in the rocks and reveal how the reservoir connectivity changes over time. We present examples that support these findings and suggest that the fracture seismic method should become an important exploration, reservoir management, production, and civil safety tool for the subsurface energy industry.

The mechanism of K cell (antibody-dependent) cell mediated cytotoxicity II. Characteristics of the effector cell and morphological changes in the target cell

1977 ◽  
Vol 197 (1129) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Target Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Cell Cytotoxicity ◽  
K Cells

K cells share certain physical characteristics with T cells. This has made it possible to apply standard cell purification techniques to be used for the enrichment of K cells. This has in turn enabled time lapse studies to be carried out at low cell density. In addition, to the similar physical characteristics, K cells have a structure and movement similar to those of cytotoxic T cells. K cell cytotoxicity does no apparent damage to the K cell and each K cell is able to kill more than one target cell. Analysis of time lapse films of cytotoxicity of mouse P815 mastocytoma cells directly confirms three inferences on the mechanism of target cell death suggested by the kinetic data in the previous paper: contact itself does not appear to damage the target cell; target cell death usually begins within 15 min of K cell contact; cell death is an explosive event with zeiosis ‘boiling' of the cytoplasm. This phenomenon is similar to that observed with T cell cytotoxicity and quite different to changes seen during lysis by antibody and complement. Analysis of films of cytotoxicity of human MRC5 cells which are glass adherent has shown that the K cell is in close apposition to the nucleus within 1 min of the first cytoplasmic changes (shrinkage).

Time-lapse Data Acquisition of Passive Seismic and Active Seismic at the Same Time

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoru Takanashi ◽  
Ayato Kato ◽  
Junzo Kasahara ◽  
Yoko Hasada
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Passive Seismic

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK BADAI TROPIS DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP ANOMALI HUJAN DI INDONESIA(TROPICAL CYCLONE CHARACTERISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON RAINFALL ANOMALY IN INDONESIA)

Agromet ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dyahwathi ◽  
S. Effendy ◽  
E.S. Adiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Anomaly ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Other Hand

<p>Tropical cyclone never reached Indonesia area but its impact able to cause disaster to this country. Some research indicated effect of tropical cyclone due to high intensity the rain in short duration in some location but drought in another. Tropical cyclone often followed by small scale tornado callled ’puting beliung’ that cause local or regional damage. This research purpose to analyze physical characteristics of tropical cyclone at period January-March 2004 in south Hindia Sea. The Fay is a strong tropical cyclone has increase rainfall until 32 ms-1 and rainfaal on 47% Java station rainfall. On the other hand, The Ken is a weak tropical cyclone only cause higher wind speed and rainfall are 8 ms-1 and 18% Java station rainfall, respectively.</p><p>------------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>Meskipun siklon tropis tidak pernah terjadi di Indonesia namun dampaknya sering berpengaruh terhadap Indonesia. Hasil berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siklon tropis menyebabkan hujan intensitas yang tinggi dalam waktu singkat pada suatu wilayah, dan juga menyebabkan kekeringan di daerah lain. Siklon tropis sering diikuti terjadinya puting beliung dengan daya rusak bersifat lokal hingga regional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik fisik siklon tropis di Samudera Hindia bagian selatan pada periode puncak terjadinya siklon yakni, Januari-Maret 2004. Analisis dilakukan terhadap dua siklon yang terjadi pada periode pengamatan yaitu siklon Fay (siklon kuat) dan siklon Ken (siklon lemah). Dampak siklon Fay terhadap peningkatan kecepatan angin menjadi 32 ms-1 dan peningkatan hujan yang signifikan padak 47% stasiun hujan di Jawa. Sedangkan siklon Ken hanya menyebabkan kecepatan angin meningkat sebesar 8 ms-1 dan peningkatan hujan pada 8% stasiun hujan di pulau Jawa.</p>

scholarly journals Ground-penetrating-radar response to fracture-fluid salinity: Why lower frequencies are favorable for resolving salinity changes

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. J25-J30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios P. Tsoflias ◽  
Matthew W. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Fracture Aperture ◽  
Fracture Fluid ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Time-lapse ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) surveys exploit signal-amplitude changes to monitor saline tracers in fractures and to identify groundwater flow paths. However, the relationships between GPR signal amplitude, phase, and frequency with fracture aperture and fluid electrical conductivity are not well understood. We used analytical modeling, numerical simulations, and field experiments of multifrequency GPR to investigate these relationships for a millimeter-scale-aperture fracture saturated with water of varying salinity. We found that the response of lower-frequency radar signals detects changes in fluid salinity better than the response of higher-frequency signals. Increasing fluid electrical conductivity decreases low-frequency GPR signal wavelength, which improves its thin-layer resolution capability. We concluded that lower signal frequencies, such as [Formula: see text], and saline tracers of up to [Formula: see text] conductivity are preferable when using GPR to monitor flow in fractured rock. Furthermore, we found that GPR amplitude and phase responses are detectable in the field and predictable by EM theory and modeling; therefore, they can be related to fracture aperture and fluid salinity for hydrologic investigations of fractured-rock flow and transport properties.

Enhancement of dynamic reservoir interpretation by correlating multiple 4D seismic monitors to well behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. SP35-SP52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Yin ◽  
Milana Ayzenberg ◽  
Colin MacBeth ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Romain Chassagne
Keyword(s):  
History Matching ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Matching Efficiency ◽  
Reservoir Simulation Model ◽  
Seismic Amplitudes ◽  
Reservoir Description ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Reservoir Connectivity ◽  
4D Seismic

We have found that dynamic reservoir interpretation can be enhanced by directly correlating the seismic amplitudes from many repeated 4D seismic monitors to the field production and injection history from wells. This “well2seis” crosscorrelation was achieved by defining a linear relationship between the 4D seismic signals and changes in the cumulative fluid volumes at the wells. We also found that the distribution of the well2seis correlation attribute can reveal key reservoir connectivity features, such as the seal of faults, fluid pathways, and communication between neighboring compartments. It can therefore enhance dynamic reservoir description. Based on this enhanced interpretation, we have developed a workflow to close the loop between 4D seismic and reservoir engineering data. First, the reservoir model was directly updated using quantitative information extracted from multiple surveys, by positioning and placing known barriers or conduits to flow. After this process, a seismic-assisted history matching was applied using the well2seis attribute to honor data from the seismic and engineering domains, while remaining consistent with the fault interpretation. Compared to traditional history matching, that attempts to match individual seismic time-lapse amplitudes and production data, our approach used an attribute that condensed available data to effectively enhance the signal. In addition, the approach was observed to improve the history-matching efficiency as well as model predictability. The proposed methodology was applied to a North Sea-field, the production of which was controlled by fault compartmentalization. It successfully detected the communication pathways and sealing property of key faults that are known to be major factors in influencing reservoir development. After history matching, the desired loops were closed by efficiently updating the reservoir simulation model, and this was indicated by a 90% reduction in the misfit errors and 89% lowering of the corresponding uncertainty bounds.

Retrieving acoustic energy densities and local pressure amplitudes in microfluidics by holographic time-lapse imaging

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 1921-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Cacace ◽  
Vittorio Bianco ◽  
Melania Paturzo ◽  
Pasquale Memmolo ◽  
Massimo Vassalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Holography ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Digital holography is used to calibrate the ultrasound waves in a microchip during vertically oriented acoustophoresis.

scholarly journals Passive seismic reflection interferometry: A case study from the Aquistore CO2 storage site, Saskatchewan, Canada

Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. B79-B93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Cheraghi ◽  
Donald J. White ◽  
Deyan Draganov ◽  
Gilles Bellefleur ◽  
James A. Craven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Passive Seismic ◽  
Forming Analysis ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Seismic reflection interferometry has recently been tested in a few resource-exploration applications. We have evaluated passive seismic interferometry results for data from the Aquistore [Formula: see text] storage site, Saskatchewan, Canada, with the objective of testing the method’s ability to image the subsurface geology and its potential for time-lapse imaging. We analyzed passive seismic data recorded along two perpendicular geophone lines for two time periods that include 23 days in June 2014 and 13 days in February 2015. Beam-forming analysis showed that a nearby power plant is the dominant source of ambient noise. We retrieved virtual shot gathers not only by correlating long noise panels (1 h) for both recording periods, but also by correlating shorter noise panels (10 s) from two days of each recording period. We applied illumination diagnosis to the noise panels from the two chosen days for each period to help suppress the surface waves. Comparisons of the common-midpoints stacked sections, resulting from the virtual shot gathers, with colocated active-source images and log-based synthetic seismograms showed that the best ambient-noise images were obtained for the longest recording periods. The application of illumination diagnosis revealed that only a small percentage of the noise panels are dominated by body waves. Thus, images formed using only this subset of noise panels failed to improve the images obtained from the 23 and 13 days of noise recording. To evaluate the passive images, we performed log-based correlations that showed moderate correlation ranging from approximately 0.5–0.65 in the two-way time range of 0.8–1.5 s. For the 13 to 23 days of noise used in our analysis, the resulting images at the reservoir depth of 3200 m or [Formula: see text] are unlikely to be suitable for time-lapse imaging at this site. This is most likely due to the limited directional illumination and dominance of surface-wave noise.

scholarly journals Time-lapse single-cell transcriptomics reveals modulation of histone H3 for dormancy breaking

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayato Tsuyuzaki ◽  
Masahito Hosokawa ◽  
Koji Arikawa ◽  
Takuya Yoda ◽  
Naoyuki Okada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Virtual Time ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time

How quiescent cells break dormancy is a key issue in eukaryotic cells including cancer. Fungal spores, for example, remain quiescent for long periods until nourished, although the mechanisms by which dormancy is broken remain enigmatic. Transcriptome analysis could provide a clue, but methods to synchronously germinate large numbers of spores are lacking, and thus it remains a challenge to analyse gene expression upon germination. Hence, we developed methods to assemble transcriptomes from individual, asynchronous spore cells of fission yeast undergoing germination to assess transcriptomic changes over time. The virtual time-lapse analyses highlighted one of three copies of histone H3 genes for which transcription fluctuates during the initial stage of germination. Disruption of this temporal fluctuation caused defects in spore germination despite no visible defects in other stages of the life cycle. We conclude that modulation of histone H3 expression is a crucial ‘wake-up’ trigger at dormancy breaking.

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