scholarly journals Nonfreezing Cold Injury (Trench Foot)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10482
Author(s):  
Ken Zafren
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Pressure Necrosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Effective Medication ◽  
Modern Term

Nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI) is a modern term for trench foot or immersion foot. Moisture is required to produce a NFCI. NFCI seldom, if ever, results in loss of tissue unless there is also pressure necrosis or infection. Much of the published material regarding management of NFCIs has been erroneously borrowed from the literature on warm water immersion injuries. NFCI is a clinical diagnosis. Most patients with NFCI have a history of losing feeling for at least 30 min and having pain or abnormal sensation on rewarming. Limbs with NFCI usually pass through four ‘stages.’ cold exposure, post-exposure (prehyperaemic), hyperaemic, and posthyperaemic. Limbs with NFCI should be cooled gradually and kept cool. Amitriptyline is likely the most effective medication for pain relief. If prolonged exposure to wet, cold conditions cannot be avoided, the most effective measures to prevent NFCI are to stay active, wear adequate clothing, stay well-nourished, and change into dry socks at least daily.

scholarly journals Endoscopic Removal of a Press-Through Pack from the Anal Canal

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Ayaka Takasu ◽  
Takashi Ikeya ◽  
Katsuyuki Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Anal Canal ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Anal Pain ◽  
Endoscopic Removal ◽  
Mild Dementia ◽  
Anal Fissures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pass Through

The incidence of press-through pack (PTP) ingestion has been increasing. In many cases, the ingested PTP is lodged in the esophagus. Here, we report a case of endoscopic removal of a PTP from the anal canal. An 89-year-old man with mild dementia presented with a 3-day history of anal pain. On digital rectal examination, we felt a hard and sharp object, which could not be manually removed due to its shape. Therefore, it was removed endoscopically. We inserted an endoscope with a large-caliber soft oblique cap and observed the PTP in the anal canal. It was successfully removed using grasping forceps. The patient was stable, with only mild anal fissures, and no serious complications such as perforation and bleeding were observed. It is generally recognized that a PTP that reaches the large intestine is naturally expelled. Even if a PTP could pass through the pylorus or the small intestine, it could still be difficult to discharge naturally from the anus without discomfort or pain, as in this case.

scholarly journals The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Hrešanová
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The West ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Pharmacological Method ◽  
Insight Into

This paper explores the history of the ‘psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth’ in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin’s death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science’s gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods.

scholarly journals Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Methods of Labour Pain Relief—Establishment of Effectiveness and Comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Czech ◽  
Piotr Fuchs ◽  
Anna Fuchs ◽  
Miłosz Lorek ◽  
Dominika Tobolska-Lorek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Labour Pain ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Pain Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Water Birth

Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods and to compare them. Materials and methods: 258 women were included in the study and interviewed using a questionnaire and the visual analogue scale for pain. They were divided into six groups depending on chosen method of labour pain relief: epidural anaesthesia (EA; n = 42), water immersion and water birth (WB; n = 40), nitrous oxide gas for pain control (G; n = 40), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (n = 50), multiple management (MM; n = 42), none (N; n = 44). Results: The average age of the women was 29.4 ± 3.74 years and 60.47% of them were nulliparous (n = 156). Mean values of labour pain intensity were 6.81 ± 2.26 during the first stage of labour; 7.86 ± 2.06 during the second stage, and 3.22 ± 2.46 during the third stage. There was no significant difference in pain level between epidural analgesia and gas groups in the first stage of labour (p = 0.74). Nevertheless, epidural analgesia reduced pain level during the second and third stage (both p < 0.01). The highest satisfaction level pertains to water immersion (n = 38; 95%). Conclusion: Epidural analgesia is the gold standard of labour pain relief, however water birth was found to be associated with the highest satisfaction level of the parturient women. The contentment of childbirth depends not only on the level of experienced pain, but also on the care provided to the parturient during pregnancy and labour.

scholarly journals A comparative study of Centchroman, Tamoxifen and Danazol in management of cyclical mastalgia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Probal Neogi ◽  
Soumitra Manwatkar ◽  
Santosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Anish Kola ◽  
Qazi Imran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Visual Analogue Score ◽  
Tamoxifen Group ◽  
Topical Analgesics ◽  
Lifestyle Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cyclical Mastalgia

Background: Mastalgia is a common problem and 60-70% women encounter it at least once in their lifetime. Many drugs have been used and are been used with varying response, like Tamoxifen, Danazol, primrose oil, topical analgesics and recently Centchroman. The objective of the present study was to compare the three most commonly used drugs in the treatment of mastalgia, namely Centchroman, Tamoxifen and Danazol with a placebo.Methods: All consecutive female patients more than 25 years of age with history of mastalgia for more than 3 months were taken up for the study. Patients were distributed into four groups and administered Centchroman, danazol, tamoxifen and placebo, respectively.Results: In present study of 78 patients, the median visual analogue score (VAS) in Centchroman group were 3, 1 and 3 after treatment of 4, 12 and 24 weeks, respectively with a pre-treatment VAS of 8. Similarly, in the danazol group, VAS at 4, 12 and 24 weeks were 4, 1.5 and 5, respectively. In the Tamoxifen group it was 4, 1 and 3 after treatment for 4, 12 and 24 weeks. On comparison, Centchroman and Tamoxifen both had better pain relief than danazol at 24 weeks (p <0.001) while Centchroman and Tamoxifen had comparable results (p >0.05) despite Centchroman having a lower mean VAS score.Conclusions: Mild cyclical mastalgia can be treated with reassurance and lifestyle measures. Moderate to severe mastalgia usually require drug treatment. Centchroman, Danazol and Tamoxifen are effective. Centchroman appears to have better pain relief relative to the rest.

scholarly journals Rupture-dependent breakdown energy in fault models with thermo-hydro-mechanical processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valère Lambert ◽  
Nadia Lapusta
Keyword(s):  
Material Property ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Dynamic Rupture ◽  
Rupture Dynamics ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thermal Pressurization ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract. Substantial insight into earthquake source processes has resulted from considering frictional ruptures analogous to cohesive-zone shear cracks from fracture mechanics. This analogy holds for slip-weakening representations of fault friction that encapsulate the resistance to rupture propagation in the form of breakdown energy, analogous to fracture energy, prescribed in advance as if it were a material property of the fault interface. Here, we use numerical models of earthquake sequences with enhanced weakening due to thermal pressurization of pore fluids to show how accounting for thermo-hydro-mechanical processes during dynamic shear ruptures makes breakdown energy rupture-dependent. We find that local breakdown energy is neither a constant material property nor uniquely defined by the amount of slip attained during rupture, but depends on how that slip is achieved through the history of slip rate and dynamic stress changes during the rupture process. As a consequence, the frictional breakdown energy of the same location along the fault can vary significantly in different earthquake ruptures that pass through. These results suggest the need for re-examining the assumption of pre-determined frictional breakdown energy common in dynamic rupture modeling and for better understanding of the factors that control rupture dynamics in the presence of thermo-hydro-mechanical processes.

Cognitive Factors in the Maintenance of Injection Phobia

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig White ◽  
William Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Injection Injury ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Applied Tension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Blood Injection ◽  
Dsm Iv

Injection phobia is a “specific phobia” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) in which affected individuals display an atypical physiological response pattern resulting in vasovagal hypotensive fainting on prolonged exposure. Between 50–60% of people with injection phobia report a history of fainting when confronted with their phobic situation. Applied tension has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic intervention for blood phobia in which similar vasovagal responses occur (Öst, Fellenius and Stelner, 1991). It has been shown that cognitive factors can prevent engagement with the treatment of phobic disorders. A case meeting DSM-IV criteria for specific phobia, blood-injection-injury type (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is described. It illustrates that cognitive factors may prevent full compliance with applied tension and that behavioural experimentation is a useful strategy for dealing with such phenomena.

Opioids: God’s Own Medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold Winter
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
German Scientist ◽  
Provide Pain Relief ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Albert Schweitzer called pain “a more terrible lord of mankind than even death.” Thus, it is not surprising that humans have from the earliest times attempted to identify plants which might provide pain relief. The Odyssey by Homer provides a mythic account of the use of one such agent. . . . Then Helen, daughter of Zeus, took other counsel. Straightaway she cast into the wine of which they were drinking a drug to quit all pain and strife, and bring forgetfulness of every ill. Whoso should drink this down, when it is mingled in the bowl, would not in the course of that day let a tear fall down over his cheeks, no, not though his mother and father should lie there dead . . . Such cunning drugs had the daughter of Zeus, drugs of healing, which Polydamna, the wife of Thor, had given her, a woman of Egypt, for there the earth, the giver of grain, bears the greatest store of drugs . . . . . . More than a century ago, it was suggested by Oswald Schmiedeberg, a German scientist regarded by many as the father of modern pharmacology, that the drug to which Homer refers is opium for “no other natural product on the whole earth calls forth in man such a psychical blunting as the one described.” When today, in the fields of Afghanistan or Turkey or India, the seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is pierced, a milky fluid oozes from it which, when dried, is opium. Virginia Berridge, in her elegant history of opium in England, tells us that the effects of opium on the human mind have probably been known for about 6,000 years and that opium had an honored place in Greek, Roman, and Arabic medicine. I will not dwell on that ancient history but will instead jump ahead to the 17th century by which time opium had gained wide use in European medicine.

scholarly journals Cold exposure causes cell death by depolarization-mediated Ca2+ overload in a chill-susceptible insect

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (41) ◽  
pp. E9737-E9744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Seamus Bayley ◽  
Christian Bak Winther ◽  
Mads Kuhlmann Andersen ◽  
Camilla Grønkjær ◽  
Ole Bækgaard Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Channel Conductance ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulation ◽  
Intracellular Ca

Cold tolerance of insects is arguably among the most important traits defining their geographical distribution. Even so, very little is known regarding the causes of cold injury in this species-rich group. In many insects it has been observed that cold injury coincides with a cellular depolarization caused by hypothermia and hyperkalemia that develop during chronic cold exposure. However, prior studies have been unable to determine if cold injury is caused by direct effects of hypothermia, by toxic effects of hyperkalemia, or by the depolarization that is associated with these perturbations. Here we use a fluorescent DNA-staining method to estimate cell viability of muscle and hindgut tissue from Locusta migratoria and show that the cellular injury is independent of the direct effects of hypothermia or toxic effects of hyperkalemia. Instead, we show that chill injury develops due to the associated cellular depolarization. We further hypothesized that the depolarization-induced injury was caused by opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, causing a Ca2+ overload that triggers apoptotic/necrotic pathways. In accordance with this hypothesis, we show that hyperkalemic depolarization causes a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Furthermore, using pharmacological manipulation of intra- and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations as well as Ca2+ channel conductance, we demonstrate that injury is prevented if transmembrane Ca2+ flux is prevented by removing extracellular Ca2+ or blocking Ca2+ influx. Together these findings demonstrate a causal relationship between cold-induced hyperkalemia, depolarization, and the development of chill injury through Ca2+-mediated necrosis/apoptosis.

scholarly journals Capsaicin in the Treatment of Refractory Neuropathic Pain after Mastectomy Surgery: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 997-1001
Author(s):  
Lilit Flöther ◽  
David Avila-Castillo ◽  
Anna-Maria Burgdorff ◽  
Ralf Benndorf
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Pain Medications ◽  
Oral Pain ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oral Pain Medication ◽  
Pain Symptoms

A 62-year-old female patient with a history of mastectomy surgery and sentinel lymphadenectomy in the context of breast cancer therapy was referred to our clinic for the treatment of refractory neuropathic pain. She reported a complex set of symptoms including burning and electrical-like sensations as well as profound hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. The symptoms persisted chronically over months with a strong intensity and did not sufficiently respond to oral pain medication and co-analgetics, that is, tapentadol and pregabalin. As the patient could hardly move her right upper arm due to the pain, the quality of life was greatly reduced. In addition, the patient reported pain-related anxiety and depression. Therefore, a therapy with capsaicin 8% patch was initiated. Treatment with capsaicin 8% led to pain relief without tolerance development and improved flexibility in the affected body area. Despite significant pain relief, previous oral pain medications (tapentadol, pregabalin) as well as the anti-depressant amitriptyline were maintained to fully resolve pain symptoms, anxiety, and depression. In conclusion, capsaicin 8% may represent an effective therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from refractory neuropathic pain.

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