scholarly journals Study of Relationships between Ceiling Smoke Leakage Rate and Evacuation Time in the Ward

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13280
Author(s):  
Shuo-Hong Liu ◽  
Ching-Yuan Lin ◽  
Ying-Ji Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Panel Size ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Leakage Assessment

With reference to the requirements of CNS 15038 and testing principles, this study proposes a set of equipment for measuring the leakage volume of ceilings and provides detailed assembly specifications for future users. In this study, a total of 405 tests were conducted as part of a set of experiments for measuring the leakage volume of ceilings, using various ceiling materials, ceiling sizes, and construction methods, in conjunction with the principles of fluid mechanics, to propose a method for evaluating the leakage volume of ceilings of various sizes and materials. Two cases—bottom-up airflow and top-down airflow—were considered. According to our research findings, in the case of bottom-up airflow, the pressure difference, panel weight, and panel size were correlated with the leakage volume; the more significant the pressure difference, the larger the leakage volume; the heavier the panel weight, the more minor the leakage volume; and the larger the panel size, the more significant the leakage volume. On the other hand, in the case of top-down airflow, different leakage volumes were observed for different ceiling materials, even if the ceiling size was identical. On the other hand, when the ceiling material was the same, and the ceiling size was different, there was not a positive relationship between the leakage volume and a larger panel size; instead, the leakage volume observed for the largest panel was the smallest. Finally, in this study we propose a volumetric leakage assessment table for assessing a ceiling as a whole, which can be utilized by engineers in the future to calculate the smoke leakage value and to estimate the smoke fall time for ward escape designs.

scholarly journals The Curious Incident of Attention in Multisensory Integration: Bottom-up vs. Top-down

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 557-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Macaluso ◽  
Uta Noppeney ◽  
Durk Talsma ◽  
Tiziana Vercillo ◽  
Jess Hartcher-O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stimulus Properties ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Current Task ◽  
The One

The role attention plays in our experience of a coherent, multisensory world is still controversial. On the one hand, a subset of inputs may be selected for detailed processing and multisensory integration in a top-down manner, i.e., guidance of multisensory integration by attention. On the other hand, stimuli may be integrated in a bottom-up fashion according to low-level properties such as spatial coincidence, thereby capturing attention. Moreover, attention itself is multifaceted and can be describedviaboth top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Thus, the interaction between attention and multisensory integration is complex and situation-dependent. The authors of this opinion paper are researchers who have contributed to this discussion from behavioural, computational and neurophysiological perspectives. We posed a series of questions, the goal of which was to illustrate the interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes in various multisensory scenarios in order to clarify the standpoint taken by each author and with the hope of reaching a consensus. Although divergence of viewpoint emerges in the current responses, there is also considerable overlap: In general, it can be concluded that the amount of influence that attention exerts on MSI depends on the current task as well as prior knowledge and expectations of the observer. Moreover stimulus properties such as the reliability and salience also determine how open the processing is to influences of attention.

scholarly journals Different Roles of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes in the Distribution of Size-Fractionated Phytoplankton in Gwangyang Bay

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1682
Author(s):  
Yoonja Kang ◽  
Yeongji Oh
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zooplankton Grazing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Phytoplankton Distribution ◽  
Summer Bloom ◽  
Gwangyang Bay

The interactive roles of zooplankton grazing (top-down) and nutrient (bottom-up) processes on phytoplankton distribution in a temperate estuary were investigated via dilution and nutrient addition experiments. The responses of size-fractionated phytoplankton and major phytoplankton groups, as determined by flow cytometry, were examined in association with zooplankton grazing and nutrient availability. The summer bloom was attributed to nanoplankton, and microplankton was largely responsible for the winter bloom, whereas the picoplankton biomass was relatively consistent throughout the sampling periods, except for the fall. The nutrient addition experiments illustrated that nanoplankton responded more quickly to phosphate than the other groups in the summer, whereas microplankton had a faster response to most nutrients in the winter. The dilution experiments ascribed that the grazing mortality rates of eukaryotes were low compared to those of the other groups, whereas autotrophic cyanobacteria were more palatable to zooplankton than cryptophytes and eukaryotes. Our experimental results indicate that efficient escape from zooplankton grazing and fast response to nutrient availability synergistically caused the microplankton to bloom in the winter, whereas the bottom-up process (i.e., the phosphate effect) largely governed the nanoplankton bloom in the summer.

Defining the Verbs for “Understanding and Interpretation” of Japanese Sake

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-96
Author(s):  
Hiroki Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Other Hand

In this chapter, the author attempts to define the verbs in the description of Japanese sake taste by employing 1) a usage-based approach, 2) “encyclopedic semantics” rather than a “dictionary view,” and 3) sense-making theory, drawing on data from a “sake tasting description corpus” (approximately 120,000 words). The chapter selects eight verbs of high frequency (e.g., hirogaru ‘spread') and defines their sense(s) in a bottom-up and abductive fashion, based on a score indicating the strength of co-occurrence between terms. In this study, the authors deal with the verbs for “Understanding” or “Interpretation ”; it means, verbs that contribute to narrating the personal, individual story (contents) of the tasters. This study suggests the verbs for understanding have senses related to [Timeline] and [Space]. On the other hand, verbs do not tend to collocate with [Movement] and interestingly, the [Structure], as same as the tendency of adjectival-nouns.

Wired for Warmth

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Alan E. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Moral Consciousness ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Real ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
The Relationship

An aspect of the relationship between philosophy and computer engineering is considered, with particular emphasis upon the design of artificial moral agents. Top-down vs. bottom-up approaches to ethical behavior are discussed, followed by an overview of some of the ways in which traditional ethics has informed robotics. Two macro-trends are then identified, one involving the evolution of moral consciousness in man and machine, the other involving the fading away of the boundary between the real and the virtual.

scholarly journals Coming to Grips With Variation in Sociocultural Interpretations: Methodological Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1198-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Terkourafi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Context Variables ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Empirically capturing sociocultural interpretations—situated interpretations of linguistic expressions shared among members of a group—can be difficult for two reasons: First, the interpretations themselves cannot be directly observed and, second, the contexts that enable these interpretations cannot be defined independently of them. Yet, the reality of such interpretations attested in piece after piece of empirical research calls for an explanation. This article outlines a bottom-up methodology that seeks to extract context-sensitive definitions of, on one hand, sociocultural interpretations and, on the other hand, the context variables that covary with them, from the data itself. Uptake-based definitions of sociocultural interpretations are empirically verifiable and include speaker, context, and addressee contributions to the bringing about of a certain sociocultural interpretation. Dynamic definitions of macro-social variables (gender, age, class, ethnicity, region, etc.) can emerge by gradually abstracting over the minimal contexts that are found to enable particular sociocultural interpretations. The article outlines with examples how this methodology can be applied to spoken conversational data, as well as some of its limitations.

scholarly journals The Global Laboratory of Investment Law Reform Alternatives

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 237-243
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Alschner
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Institutional Choices

There are two ways of thinking about institutional choice in the context of multilateral investment law reform. One starts from abstract principles, asking what policy goal investment law is supposed to achieve and what institutional choice most effectively advances that goal. The other draws on practical experimentation, asking what institutional choices states are making and how these choices perform in real life. Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer present a compelling analytical framework for the former, top-down approach to investment law reform. In this essay, I will scrutinize their analysis and argue that the latter, bottom-up approach is more promising.

scholarly journals Human rights: common meaning and differences in positioning

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Doise
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Common Understanding

Human rights are defined as normative social representations embedded in institutional juridical definitions. Research findings show that human rights can be studied as normative social representations implying a degree of common understanding across cultures together with organized differences within and between cultures. Important factors in modulating individual positioning in the realm of human rights are experiences of social conflict and injustice, beliefs about the efficiency of various social actors to have rights enforced and attitudes of liberalism or collectivism. On the other hand, an ethnocentric use of human rights is well documented and has been experimentally studied. Generally, concerns about these rights expressed by citizens of Western countries become much stronger when non-Western countries are involved, whereas violations of these rights in their own country are often not severely condemned.

Dishabituation of Laser-evoked EEG Responses: Dissecting the Effect of Certain and Uncertain Changes in Stimulus Modality

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2822-2837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Valentini ◽  
Diana M. E. Torta ◽  
André Mouraux ◽  
Gian Domenico Iannetti
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Response Habituation

The repetition of nociceptive stimuli of identical modality, intensity, and location at short and constant interstimulus intervals (ISIs) determines a strong habituation of the corresponding EEG responses, without affecting the subjective perception of pain. To understand what determines this response habituation, we (i) examined the effect of introducing a change in the modality of the repeated stimulus, and (ii) dissected the relative contribution of bottom–up, stimulus-driven changes in modality and top–down, cognitive expectations of such a change, on both laser-evoked and auditory-evoked EEG responses. Multichannel EEG was recorded while participants received trains of three stimuli (S1–S2–S3, a triplet) delivered to the hand dorsum at 1-sec ISI. S3 belonged either to the same modality as S1 and S2 or to the other modality. In addition, participants were either explicitly informed or not informed of the modality of S3. We found that introducing a change in stimulus modality produced a significant dishabituation of the laser-evoked N1, N2, and P2 waves; the auditory N1 and P2 waves; and the laser- and auditory-induced event-related synchronization and desynchronization. In contrast, the lack of explicit knowledge of a possible change in the sensory modality of the stimulus (i.e., uncertainty) only increased the ascending portion of the laser-evoked and auditory-evoked P2 wave. Altogether, these results indicate that bottom–up novelty resulting from the change of stimulus modality, and not top–down cognitive expectations, plays a major role in determining the habituation of these brain responses.

An Explanation of the Distinction Between Developmental Factors and Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Elida V. Laski
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Practical Implications

This paper provides five clear, relatable examples that can help students understand the distinction between the term “factors” and “mechanisms” in Developmental Psychology. The examples emphasize the idea that factors are related to changes in ways that moderate development, but are not causal. On the other hand, the term mechanism refers to processes that produce change. These examples can be embedded in lectures individually or shared as a whole to support student learning. A precise understanding of the distinction between factors and mechanisms can help students better understand development, parse research findings, and consider policy and practical implications.

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