scholarly journals Monitoring Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Levels in Mixed-Use Residential-Commercial Buildings in Shiraz, Iran: Assessing the Carcinogenicity and Non-Carcinogenicity Risk of Their Inhabitants

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Zahra Baberi ◽  
Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor ◽  
Mohammad Hoseini ◽  
Mohammadali Baghapour ◽  
Zahra Derakhshan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Application ◽  
Btex Compounds

The aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) compounds in the indoor air of residential-commercial complexes and to compare it with other residential buildings (control) as well as to assess the carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity risk of these pollutants. BTEX concentration was investigated in the indoor air of 30 ground floor restaurants, 30 upper residential units of the complexes, 20 adjacent residential units (control), and their corridors. The mean BTEX concentration measured in the upper residential units was reported higher than in the control residential units, though they were not significantly different. The lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value calculated for benzene in the upper residential units was lower than 10−4 and higher than 10−6 across all ages, indicating a carcinogenicity risk. Furthermore, the mean hazard quotient (HQ) for all compounds was obtained lower than 1, suggesting no concern about the non-carcinogenicity risk of these compounds in the studied region. Nevertheless, considering the sources of benzene production in the indoor air as well as the carcinogenicity of these pollutants and the risk they pose in human health, application towards the reduction of the sources and concentration of benzene in the indoor air are necessary.

scholarly journals The Seasonality Impact of the BTEX Pollution on the Atmosphere of Arad City, Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4858
Author(s):  
Corina Popitanu ◽  
Gabriela Cioca ◽  
Lucian Copolovici ◽  
Dennis Iosif ◽  
Florentina-Daniela Munteanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Toluene Concentration ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Traffic Area ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
One Year ◽  
Btex Compounds

Benzene, toluene, and total BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) concentrations registered for one year (2016) have been determined every month for one high-density traffic area. The assessment was performed in Arad City, Romania, to evaluate these pollutants and their influence on the inhabitants’ health. The contaminants were sampled using a static sampling method and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Benzene was the most dominant among the BTEX compounds—the average concentrations ranged from 18.00 ± 1.32 µg m−3 in December to 2.47 ± 0.74 µg m−3 in August. The average toluene concentration over the year was 4.36 ± 2.42 µg m−3 (with a maximum of 9.60 ± 2.39 µg m−3 in November and a minimum of 1.04 ± 0.29 µg m−3 in May). The toluene/benzene ratio (T/B) was around 0.5, indicating substantial contributions from mobile sources (vehicles). The emission and accumulation of different aromatic compounds (especially benzene) could deteriorate the urban air quality. The lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene was found to be more than 10−5 in winter, including the inhabitants in the “probable cancer risk” category.

Risk assessment of BTEX in the groundwater of Songyuan region of Songhua River in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Yanguo Teng ◽  
Guanlin Guo ◽  
Fasheng Li ◽  
Chao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Songhua River ◽  
Songhua River Basin ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Btex Compounds

BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (m-, p-xylene and o-xylene)) in shallow groundwater were investigated in 16 monitoring wells of the Songyuan region (Songhua River basin). Mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were found to be 1.53 μg/L, 1.76 μg/L, 2.11 μg/L and 0.30 μg/L, respectively. Ecological and human health risk assessments were conducted to evaluate potential adverse effects of the BTEX compounds in terms of toxicity. Toluene posed a severe ecological risk, xylenes a moderate risk, while benzene and ethylbenzene were both considered to be a low risk. The mean cancer risk for benzene was estimated to be 1.14 × 10−6, which is higher than the acceptable risk level of 1.0 × 10−6. The mean non-carcinogenic risks for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were lower than the standard threshold level of 1.0, both individually and cumulatively. In terms of a screening assessment, these results indicate that BTEX in groundwater may pose a threat to the ecosystem and residents in the Songyuan region of the Songhua River basin. This information will be useful for the further evaluation and risk management of groundwater in this area.

scholarly journals Biodegradation Studies of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) Compounds by Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069
Author(s):  
N. Usman ◽  
H.I. Atta ◽  
M.B. Tijjani
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Petroleum Contaminated Soil ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Btex Compounds

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are monoaromatic hydrocarbons found frequently in petroleum and its derivatives; and they are among the most important pollutants of soil and groundwater. This study focused on harnessing the enzymatic capabilities of filamentous fungi Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus, dwelling in a petroleum-contaminated soil to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) compounds. The biodegradation experiment was carried out using the fungi individually and in consortium in a batch culture containing mineral salts medium supplemented with 1% v/v BTEX. The experiments were carried out in triplicates at room temperature on a rotary shaker (180rpm) for twenty five days and aliquots were taken on a five day interval to determine the hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) count and residual BTEX in order to monitor the rate of biodegradation. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts were determined by direct counting using a Neubauer  Haemocytometer while, the residual BTEX was determined using absorbance values measured using a spectrophotometer and the corresponding concentrations determined from a standard curve. The highest percentage degradation of BTEX was observed with Aspergillus terreus (89.1%) while, the least was observed with Gliocladium sp. (84.4%). The growth peak was attained on the 15th day in all treatments after which the HUF counts declined. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean amounts of BTEX degraded and hydrocarbon-utilizing fungal counts between the treatments. The strains of Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus used in this study showed high ability for BTEX degradation thus, they are potential candidates for bioremediation of soils contaminated with monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Keywords: Biodegradation, BTEX, Gliocladium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Monoaromatic hydrocarbons

Indoor Contaminants in Chemical Laboratories: Characteristics of BTEX by Environmental and Biological Monitoring

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ahmadkhaniha ◽  
Noushin Rastkari
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Ethyl Benzene ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Work Shift ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Indoor Contaminants ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes) are the most important categories of VOCs that occur in the indoor air and often used in chemical laboratories. In the present study the excretion of urinary BTEX were evaluated as biomarkers of exposure to these compounds. The mean value of benzene in breathing zone and the total benzene uptake during the work shift of the two groups of technicians and students in chemical laboratories were 32.11and 46.82 µg m-3 and 14.55 and 34.11ngL-1 , respectively, which were significantly greater than the occupationally non exposed groups. Good correlations (0.839 ≤ r ≤ 0.946) between the mean values of BTEX in breathing zone and the urinary concentrations were observed.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of the Levels of BTEX in Ambient Air of One Urban Site Located in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico during Two Climatic Seasons

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón ◽  
Rosa María Cerón Bretón ◽  
Stephanie Martínez Morales ◽  
Jonathan D. W. Kahl ◽  
Claudio Guarnaccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Different Origin

Levels of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) were determined in ambient air of an urban site located at the center of Mexico (Leon City in Guanajuato State) during two climatic seasons of 2018 (summer and autumn). Ethylbenzene (11.86 µg m−3) and toluene (11.85 µg m−3) showed the highest median concentrations during the study period. BTEX concentrations did not show a diurnal pattern but a seasonal trend was observed for benzene and toluene at a significant level of α = 0.05. Bi-variate and multivariate analysis showed significant positive correlations (at α = 0.05) among BTEX (excepting benzene), indicating common sources for toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene and a different origin for benzene. A meteorological study was also conducted in order to determine the origin of air masses that could influence the BTEX concentrations in the study site. Finally, it was found that all BTEX species presented hazard quotient values (HQs) <1, indicating that there is no risk of non-cancer during the studied period. Lifetime cancer risk due to benzene exposure for the adult and child populations studied were estimated to be 7 in 1,000,000 and 1 in 100,000, respectively.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF BTEX CONCENTRATIONS INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR IN RESIDENTIAL HOMES IN HANOI, VIETNAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4C) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Thi Le Ha
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Btex Compounds

Indoor air quality is considered to be of great concern due to its adverse impact on the human health nowadays. BTEX concentrations in 29 residential homes including (new/renovated and  old) were studied in Hanoi Metropolis and influencing parameters such as smoke habit, cooking appliances, solvent consumption, and ventilation system were considered in this study. Samples were conducted using active diffusion monitors and analyzed by GC/FID. Concentrations of BTEX indoor and outdoor in new/innovated homes were significantly higher than those in old homes. Benzene was used as cancer risk maker, whereas toluene and xylene were used as non-cancer risk marker. Among BTEX compounds, xylene showed the most notable hazard quotient and was the main pollutants responsible for high risk for the toddlers. Benzene showed an upper-bound life time cancer risk that exceeds the US.EPA benmark, presenting moderate risk for the toddlers.

Variations of HCHO and BTX, human health risk and indoor renovation characteristics of newly renovated rental apartments in Beijing, China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2098660
Author(s):  
Xianglan Zhang ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
Xiaofeng Li ◽  
Zhaowei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Beijing China

The popularity of decoration and refurbishment of rental apartments in China may give rise to indoor VOC levels, posing health threats to tenants. A questionnaire was conducted on the renovation characteristics and tenant information of rental apartments in Beijing. The study selected 143 rental bedrooms to study the characteristics of HCHO and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) and assessed the health risks of tenants. The results showed that the median of HCHO concentration was 0.07 mg/m3, within one to three months of renovation. The concentration declined to 0.03 mg/m3 after one year. However, BTX concentration was increased by four times after one year of renovation, probably due to tenants’ move-in. The mean of inhalation lifetime cancer risk for HCHO and benzene was calculated as 1.15–3.63 (10−5) and 2.46–7.9 (10−5), respectively, indicating probable risk. The tenants’ health risks were: infant > teenager > adult and male > female. Benzene in rental homes posed the greater health risk to humans than previous studies conducted in ordinary residences. The results show that 45.29% of rental apartments are renovated before the new tenants move in, and 86.27% of tenants have a lease length of less than three years. These behaviours may cause exacerbation of pollutant levels in rental apartments.

scholarly journals The Improvement of Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings in Dubai, UAE

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Chuloh Jung ◽  
Jihad Awad
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Residential Projects

Due to unprecedented urbanization, UAE had built many new residential projects with poor choices of material and ventilation. This social phenomenon is leading UAE to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) faster than any other countries. The Dubai Municipality regulates the indoor air quality with strict stipulation, but the detailed regulations are still insufficient. The objective of this paper is to measure the indoor air quality of new residential projects in Dubai to suggest the improvement of the regulations for indoor air quality. As a methodology, a field survey was conducted to investigate the status of indoor air pollution in residential buildings. Based on the field survey data, lab experiments for building materials were conducted and a computer simulation on radon gas was conducted. The result had shown that radon gas was mainly detected in new townhouses and labor camp houses, and its concentration was found to exceed the standard. Volatile organic solvents (VOCs) and formaldehyde (CH2O) were mainly detected in showhouses and new townhouses, and the concentration distribution was about 10 times higher than that of outdoors. It was proven that emission concentration of radon gas from various building materials were detected, and the order was red clay, gypsum board, and concrete. Volatile organic solvents (VOCs) are mainly detected in oil paints and PVC floor and the radiation amount of all pollutants increased with temperature increase. In computer simulation, it was found that a new townhouse needs a grace period from 20 days to 6 months to lower the radon gas concentration by 2 pCi/L. This study will serve as a basic data to establish more detailed regulation for the building materials and improve the IAQ standards in Dubai.

scholarly journals A Comparative Assessment for the Potential Energy Production from PV Installation on Residential Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10344
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Mohammed Itma
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sustainability ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Future Consumption

This paper targets the future energy sustainability and aims to estimate the potential energy production from installing photovoltaic (PV) systems on the rooftop of apartment’s residential buildings, which represent the largest building sector. Analysis of the residential building typologies was carried out to select the most used residential building types in terms of building roof area, number of floors, and the number of apartments on each floor. A computer simulation tool has been used to calculate the electricity production for each building type, for three different tilt angles to estimate the electricity production. Tilt angle, spacing between the arrays, the building shape, shading from PV arrays, and other roof elements were analyzed for optimum and maximum electricity production. The electricity production for each household has been compared to typical household electricity consumption and its future consumption in 2030. The results show that installing PV systems on residential buildings can speed the transition to renewable energy and energy sustainability. The electricity production for building types with 2–4 residential units can surplus their estimated future consumption. Building types with 4–8 residential units can produce their electricity consumption in 2030. Building types of 12–24 residential units can produce more than half of their 2030 future consumption.

The impact of mechanical ventilation operation strategies on indoor CO2 concentration and air exchange rates in residential buildings

2020 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2096076
Author(s):  
Pedro F. Pereira ◽  
Nuno M. M. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ventilation Strategy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mechanical Extraction ◽  
Air Exchange

In Portugal, residential buildings commonly have their ventilation strategy changed after commissioning. This occurs due to the building managers' willingness to reduce shared costs with the electricity needed for fan operation. However, this option is not technically supported, and the effects of such a strategy on indoor air quality-related to human pollutants are yet to be quantified. CO2 was monitored in 15 bedrooms and air exchange rates were calculated for each room. The air exchange rate values ranged from 0.18 to 0.53 h−1 when mechanical extraction ventilation was off, and from 0.45 to 0.90 h−1 when mechanical extraction ventilation was on, which represents an average increase of 119%. With the current intermittent ventilation strategy, all rooms remain above 1500 ppm for a given percentage of time, and 12 rooms presenting CO2 concentrations above 2000 ppm. Simulations of theoretical CO2 concentrations, for a non-interrupted mechanical ventilation strategy show that no rooms would accumulate CO2 concentrations above 2000 ppm, and only 25% would present CO2 concentrations above 1500 ppm. Pearson correlations between the monitored CO2 and human and spatial factors identified two relevant parameters. Those parameters correspond to ratios between CO2 generation and floor area ([Formula: see text]), and airflow with CO2 generation ([Formula: see text]). The proposed ratios could be used as ways to optimise ventilation costs and indoor air quality.

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