scholarly journals Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3347
Author(s):  
Mengyi Chen ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhu ◽  
Xiaojuan Liu ◽  
Caiyu Wu ◽  
Canye Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Auxin Response

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.

Identification of the Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in the Synergistic Neurotoxicity of an HIV Protease Inhibitor and Methamphetamine

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Sangsang Li ◽  
Yanfei Li ◽  
Bingpeng Deng ◽  
Jie Yan ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Hiv Protease ◽  
Hiv Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Dopaminergic Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Background: The abuse of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (METH) is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients taking METH and antiretroviral drugs could suffer severe neurologic damage and cognitive impairment. Objective: To reveal the underlying neuropathologic mechanisms of an HIV protease inhibitor (PI) combined with METH, growth-inhibition tests of dopaminergic cells and RNA sequencing were performed. Methods: A combination of METH and PI caused more growth inhibition of dopaminergic cells than METH alone or a PI alone. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed gene (DEG) patterns in the METH vs. untreated cells (1161 genes), PI vs. untreated cells (16 genes), METH-PI vs. PI (3959 genes), and METH-PI vs. METH groups (14 genes). Results: The DEGs in the METH-PI co-treatment group were verified in the brains of a mouse model using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and were involved mostly in the regulatory functions of cell proliferation and inflammation. Conclusion: Such identification of key regulatory genes could facilitate the study of their neuroprotective potential in the users of METH and PIs.

scholarly journals A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Musse ◽  
G. Hajjar ◽  
N. Ali ◽  
B. Billiot ◽  
G. Joly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Berríos ◽  
Abdelmalek Temnani ◽  
Susana Zapata ◽  
Manuel Forcén ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Severe Water Stress

<p>Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale.  In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season – corresponding to the real irrigation water availability – except  during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day<sup>-1</sup>. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the ρ940 and ρ1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 ∙ ρ940 + 7.8014 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 ∙ ρ1250 + 8.9757 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.</p>

The effect of water deficit on some physiological indices of Indian lettuce (Lactuca indica L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Thin Pham Thi Thanh ◽  
Bang Cao Phi ◽  
Hai Nguyen Thi Thanh ◽  
Khuynh Bui The ◽  
Mai Nguyen Phuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Lactuca Indica ◽  
Wilting Rate

Indian Lettuce (Lactuca indica L.) is a valuable medicinal herb but there are still no many researches about this plant. In this work, the physiological responses of Indian lettuce plants under water deficit conditions (5, 8, and 11 days of water stress) were investigated. The Indian lettuce wilted after 5 days of water stress (66.66%), the wilting rate increased after 8 (93.33%) and 11 days (100%) of water stress. The longer duration of water deficit stress caused the slower recovery of plants after rewatering. The water deficit stress caused a decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence, non-associated water content as well as flower formation of Indian lettuce. But the water deficit stress increases the associated water content and the flowering time of this plant.

scholarly journals The Epiphytic FernElaphoglossum luridum(Fée) Christ. (Dryopteridaceae) from Central and South America: Morphological and Physiological Responses to Water Stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Degaspari Minardi ◽  
Ana Paula Lorenzen Voytena ◽  
Marisa Santos ◽  
Áurea Maria Randi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
Cycle Regulation ◽  
Epiphytic Fern ◽  
Chlorophyll A Content

Elaphoglossum luridum(Fée) Christ. (Dryopteridaceae) is an epiphytic fern of the Atlantic Forest (Brazil). Anatomical and physiological studies were conducted to understand how this plant responds to water stress. TheE. luridumfrond is coriaceus and succulent, presenting trichomes, relatively thick cuticle, and sinuous cell walls in both abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Three treatments were analyzed: control, water deficit, and abscisic acid (ABA). Physiological studies were conducted through analysis of relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and malate content. No changes in RWC were observed among treatments; however, significant decreases in chlorophyll a content and photosynthetic parameters, including optimal irradiance (Iopt) and maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax), were determined by rapid light curves (RLC). No evidence of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway was observed inE. luridumin response to either water deficit or exogenous application of ABA. On the other hand, malate content decreased in theE. luridumfrond after ABA treatment, seeming to downregulate malate metabolism at night, possibly through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulation.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Improves Capparis spinosa’s Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Photosynthetic Efficiency under Water Deficit

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bouskout ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Mohamed Najib Al Feddy ◽  
Hanane Dounas ◽  
Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Capparis Spinosa ◽  
Agricultural Yields

Agricultural yields are under constant jeopardy as climate change and abiotic pressures spread worldwide. Using rhizospheric microbes as biostimulants/biofertilizers is one of the best ways to improve agro-agriculture in the face of these things. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether a native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum (AMF-complex) might improve caper (Capparis spinosa) seedlings’ nutritional status, their morphological/growth performance and photosynthetic efficiency under water-deficit stress (WDS). Thus, caper plantlets inoculated with or without an AMF complex (+AMF and −AMF, respectively) were grown under three gradually increasing WDS regimes, i.e., 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity (FC). Overall, measurements of morphological traits, biomass production and nutrient uptake (particularly P, K+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+) showed that mycorrhizal fungi inoculation increased these variables significantly, notably in moderate and severe WDS conditions. The increased WDS levels reduced the photochemical efficiency indices (Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo) in −AMF plants, while AMF-complex application significantly augmented these parameters. Furthermore, the photosynthetic pigments content was substantially higher in +AMF seedlings than −AMF controls at all the WDS levels. Favorably, at 25% FC, AMF-colonized plants produce approximately twice as many carotenoids as non-colonized ones. In conclusion, AMF inoculation seems to be a powerful eco-engineering strategy for improving the caper seedling growth rate and drought tolerance in harsh environments.

scholarly journals Hydrotime model to evaluate the effects of a set of priming agents on seed germination of two leek cultivars under water stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Romano ◽  
Romana Bravi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Allium Ampeloprasum ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Hydrotime Model ◽  
Base Water Potential ◽  
Peg 8000

Water deficit is one of the main constraints of germination for many cultivated species. Among the techniques used to promote germination, seeds priming has been found to play a key role. In the present study, a set of different priming agents (KCl, KH2PO4, CaCl2 and PEG 8000) was tested on seeds of two leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) cultivars (“Lungo della riviera” and “Monstrueux de Carentan”) to assess the effects on germination performances both in optimal hydration condition (Ψw = 0 MPa) and under water deficit (−0.3 and −0.6 MPa). Germination percentage of “Lungo della riviera” was improved by PEG and KCl at −0.3 MPa and −0.6 MPa, respectively, whereas CaCl2 improved germination of “Monstrueux de Carentan” at −0.6 MPa. Osmopriming was beneficial in terms of germination rate although to different extent depending on genotype and priming agent. The hydrotime model showed that the effects of priming on germination rate was mostly due to a lowering of the predicted hydrotime constant (θH), whereas median base water potential Ψb(50) tended to increase following treatments albeit with some exception. In this study, hydrotime model proved to be a useful tool to test the effectiveness of different priming treatments on leek seeds and the intraspecific variability in germination capability and speed under water stress.

scholarly journals Identification of differentially expressed circular RNAs in HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanjun Liu ◽  
Chunmin Hu ◽  
Yina Sun ◽  
Haoqing Wu ◽  
Xiaojun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Mrna Microarray

ABSTRACT Non-coding circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to have important roles in many diseases; however, no study has indicated circRNAs are involved in Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In this study, we used circRNA microarray to measure the global circRNA expression profiles in HeLa cells with or without C. trachomatis serovar E (Ct.E) infection. CircRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions were predicted and bioinformatics analyses were performed. The differentially expressed circRNAs were selected according to our criterion for validation by reverse-transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The mRNA microarray was used to detect the mRNA expression profiles after Ct.E infection. Among 853 differentially expressed circRNAs, 453 were upregulated and 400 were downregulated after Ct.E infection. Target miRNAs and miRNA-targeted mRNAs of these circRNAs were predicted. RT-qPCR analysis indicated hsa_circRNA_001226, hsa_circRNA_007046 and hsa_circRNA_400027 were elevated similar to those determined in the circRNA microarray analysis. The mRNA microarray results showed 915 genes were upregulated and 619 genes were downregulated after Ct.E infection. Thirty-four differentially expressed genes overlapped in the bioinformatics and mRNA microarray results. KEGG pathway analysis revealed several signaling pathways, including endocytosis, MAPK and PI3P-Akt signaling pathways, that were targeted by circRNAs may play important roles in Chlamydia infection. This study provides evidence that circRNAs in host cells are involved in the process of Chlamydia infection.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under deficit irrigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Sarkar ◽  
MSU Talukder ◽  
SK Biswas ◽  
A Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Crown Root ◽  
Initiation Stage

Timing and the extent of water deficit were studied in a field experiment on wheat (cv. Shatabdi) for three consecutive years from 2003-04 through 2005-06 at Jamalpur area. The effects of number and timing of irrigation application on yields were investigated under variable soil moisture condition in the root zone of different treatments. Eight deficit irrigations, including one no stress and one rainfed treatments were selected to subject the crop to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop growth. Measured amount of irrigation water was applied as per schedule prescribed for a particular treatment. Grain yield (GY), biomass, harvest index (HI), and water productivity (WP) were reasonably affected by deficit irrigation. Other yield contributing parameters like 1000-grain weight, grains/spike and spike, length were also affected by different levels of deficit irrigation. During grain formation stage, water deficit did not affect the grain yield but saved water significantly. Such water deficit treatments also shortened the grain maturation period. Differences in grain and straw yield among the stressed and no stress treatments are comparatively small, and statistically insignificant in some cases. The highest water productivity (2.02 kg/m3) was observed in treatment which was irrigated only once at crown root initiation stage (T2) although the yield was comparatively low. The CRI (crown root initiation) stage was found the most sensitive to water stress. Water stress at vegetative stage also reduced the yield considerably. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.19663 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(4): 719-732, December 2013

scholarly journals Adaptation to Water and Salt Stresses of Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca ◽  
Leandro Pereira-Dias ◽  
Salvador Soler ◽  
Lidia López-Serrano ◽  
David Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Species Response

Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme represent a valuable tool for tomato breeding, particularly for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Water stress and salinity are major constraints to tomato’s cultivation, and for which limited genetic variability has been reported within the cultivated species. We evaluated four accessions of S. pimpinellifolium and four of S. l. var. cerasiforme for their adaptation to water deficit and salinity. The CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and leaf chlorophyll concentration were evaluated, as well as morphological and agronomic traits. The accessions showed a remarkable inter- and intra-species response variability to both stresses. Two S. pimpinellifolium accessions and one S. l. var. cerasiforme showed unaltered physiological parameters, thus indicating a good adaptation to water deficit. Two S. l. var. cerasiforme accessions showed an interesting performance under salt stress, one of which showing also good adaptation to water stress. In general, both stresses showed a negative impact on leaf size and fruit fresh weight, especially in the big-sized fruits. However, flowering, fruit setting and earliness remained unaltered or even improved when compared to control conditions. Stressed plants yielded fruits with higher ° Brix. Response to stresses seemed to be linked to origin environmental conditions, notwithstanding, variability was observed among accessions of the same region.

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