scholarly journals Netrin-1: A Modulator of Acute and Chronic Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Laura Ziegon ◽  
Martin Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Family ◽  
Acute And Chronic Inflammation

Netrins belong to the family of laminin-like secreted proteins, which guide axonal migration and neuronal growth in the developing central nervous system. Over the last 20 years, it has been established that netrin-1 acts as a chemoattractive or chemorepulsive cue in diverse biological processes far beyond neuronal development. Netrin-1 has been shown to play a central role in cell adhesion, cell migration, proliferation, and cell survival in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. In this context, netrin-1 was found to orchestrate organogenesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. In inflammation, as in neuronal development, netrin-1 plays a dichotomous role directing the migration of leukocytes, especially monocytes in the inflamed tissue. Monocyte-derived macrophages have long been known for a similar dual role in inflammation. In response to pathogen-induced acute injury, monocytes are rapidly recruited to damaged tissue as the first line of immune defense to phagocyte pathogens, present antigens to initiate the adaptive immune response, and promote wound healing in the resolution phase. On the other hand, dysregulated macrophages with impaired phagocytosis and egress capacity accumulate in chronic inflammation sites and foster the maintenance—and even the progression—of chronic inflammation. In this review article, we will highlight the dichotomous roles of netrin-1 and its impact on acute and chronic inflammation.

Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microglia-related data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, "primed", microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?

NOD-Like Receptors: Versatile Cytosolic Sentinels

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Motta ◽  
Fraser Soares ◽  
Tian Sun ◽  
Dana J. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Ligand Specificity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeats ◽  
Terminal Effector

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors are cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors that together with RIG-I-like receptor (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1), Toll-like receptor (TLR), and C-type lectin families make up the innate pathogen pattern recognition system. There are 22 members of NLRs in humans, 34 in mice, and even a larger number in some invertebrates like sea urchins, which contain more than 200 receptors. Although initially described to respond to intracellular pathogens, NLRs have been shown to play important roles in distinct biological processes ranging from regulation of antigen presentation, sensing metabolic changes in the cell, modulation of inflammation, embryo development, cell death, and differentiation of the adaptive immune response. The diversity among NLR receptors is derived from ligand specificity conferred by the leucine-rich repeats and an NH2-terminal effector domain that triggers the activation of different biological pathways. Here, we describe NLR genes associated with different biological processes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their function. Furthermore, we discuss mutations in NLR genes that have been associated with human diseases.

scholarly journals Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microglia-related data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, “primed”, microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?

scholarly journals The Role of Semaphorins and Their Receptors in Innate Immune Responses and Clinical Diseases of Acute Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya M. Kanth ◽  
Salina Gairhe ◽  
Parizad Torabi-Parizi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Semaphorins are a group of proteins that have been studied extensively for their critical function in neuronal development. They have been shown to regulate airway development, tumorigenesis, autoimmune diseases, and the adaptive immune response. Notably, emerging literature describes the role of immunoregulatory semaphorins and their receptors, plexins and neuropilins, as modulators of innate immunity and diseases defined by acute injury to the kidneys, abdomen, heart and lungs. In this review we discuss the pathogenic functions of semaphorins in clinical conditions of acute inflammation, including sepsis and acute lung injury, with a focus on regulation of the innate immune response as well as potential future therapeutic targeting.

scholarly journals The Neutrophil’s Role During Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 1223-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Xiong Liew ◽  
Paul Kubes
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Injury And Repair

Neutrophils have always been considered as uncomplicated front-line troopers of the innate immune system equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. Yet recently, the role of the neutrophil has been undergoing a rejuvenation of sorts. Neutrophils are now considered complex cells capable of a significant array of specialized functions, and as an effector of the innate immune response, they are able to regulate many processes such as acute injury and repair, cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory processes. Furthermore, evidence exists to indicate that neutrophils also contribute to adaptive immunity by aiding the development of specific adaptive immune responses or guiding the subsequent adaptive immune response. With this revived interest in neutrophils and their many novel functions, it is prudent to review what is currently known about neutrophils and, even more importantly, understand what information is lacking. We discuss the essential features of the neutrophil, from its origins, lifespan, subsets, margination and sequestration of the neutrophil to the death of the neutrophil. We highlight neutrophil recruitment to both infected and injured tissues and outline differences in recruitment of neutrophils between different tissues. Finally, we examine how neutrophils use different mechanisms to either bolster protective immune responses or negatively cause pathological outcomes at different locations.

scholarly journals Bioorthogonal Protein Labelling Enables The Study Of Antigen Processing of Citrullinated and Carbamylated Auto-Antigens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyrza van Leeuwen ◽  
Can Araman ◽  
Linda Pieper Pournara ◽  
Arieke S.B. Kampstra ◽  
Thomas Bakkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Protein Labelling ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antigenic Material

Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof...

scholarly journals Bioorthogonal antigens allow the unbiased study of antigen processing and presentation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Araman ◽  
Linda Pieper-Pournara ◽  
Tyrza van Leeuwen ◽  
Arieke S. B. Kampstra ◽  
Thomas Bakkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Major Histocompatibility Complexes ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
Antigen Processing And Presentation

AbstractProteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof on major histocompatibility complexes, leads to activation of T-cells. This initiates the adaptive immune response against many pathogens.

Dendritic Cells as Arbiters of Peritoneal Immune Responses

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. McCully ◽  
Joaquín Madrenas
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Dendritic Cell Differentiation ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Players ◽  
And Function

During the past few years, there has been a substantial increase in the understanding of innate immunity. Dendritic cells are emerging as key players in the orchestration of this early phase of immune responses, with a role that will translate into the subsequent type of adaptive immune response against infection. Here we provide an overview of dendritic cell differentiation and function, with particular emphasis on those features unique to the immune defense of the peritoneal cavity and in the context of peritoneal dialysis-associated immune responses. The reader is referred to the primary references included in the accompanying list for specific details in this fascinating field.

Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microgliarelated data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, “primed,” microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?

scholarly journals Rupture, Invasion and Inflammatory Destruction of the Intestinal Barrier byShigella: The Yin and Yang of Innate Immunity

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe J Sansonetti
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
The Family ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Unified View

Shigellais a Gram-negative bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae that causes bacillary dysentery in humans. This acute colitis reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. The pathogenesis of theShigellainfection can be seen as a disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. This provides the unified view that enteroinvasive pathogens allow for the identification of key signalling molecules and pathways involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation, and more generally, in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response.

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