scholarly journals Occurrence and Abundance of an Apex Predator and a Sympatric Mesopredator in Rural Areas of the Coastal Range of Southern Chile

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Fernando García-Solís ◽  
Jaime R. Rau ◽  
Edwin J. Niklitschek
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Coastal Range

The two mammalian carnivores, puma (Puma concolor) and South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) were studied, in a remote area located in the humid temperate forest of the coastal range of southern Chile. A total of six locations were selected in three landscapes: pre-mountain range, mountain range, and coast. The chosen study locations are relevant because they correspond to threatened areas with different levels of human intervention., so they offer the ideal setting for studying how different species of carnivores respond to both human presence and activities. A dataset was collected for 24 months during 2016–2018 through photo-trapping (13 camera traps placed along 50 photo-trap stations). Wes estimated the apparent occurrence and relative abundance index (RAI) of the fauna registered, by means of generalized linear models to contrast those of an apex predator, such as the puma and a sympatric mesopredator, the South American grey fox, across the three landscapes. The ecological variables assessed were the RAI of the other carnivore considered, exotic carnivores such as dogs and cats, human intervention, farmland effect, prey availability, and habitat quality. The primary hypothesis was that the apparent occurrence and RAI of puma and fox would be positively associated with the RAI of prey and livestock and negatively with human intervention. On the other hand, the secondary hypothesis dealt with the interactions between puma and fox faced with different degrees of human intervention. The results showed that the apparent occurrence of the puma was statistically explained by location only, and it was highest at the mountain range. The apparent occurrence of foxes was explained by both puma apparent occurrence and relative integrated anthropization index (INRA), being highest in the pre-mountain range. Concerning the RAI of pumas, high values were yielded by location and fox RAI. For the RAI of foxes, they were location, puma RAI, and INRA. It can be suggested that eucalyptus plantations from the pre-mountain range could offer an adequate habitat for the puma and the fox, but not the coastal range, as the mountain range could be acting as a biological barrier. Due to the nature of the data, it was not possible to detect any relevant effect between the two carnivores’ considered, between their respective preys, or the very abundant presence of dogs.

Grupo Andino and its Documents

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kavass
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Andean Pact ◽  
Trade And Investment

The Grupo Andino (also known as the Andean Common Market (or ANCOM), Acuerdo de Cartagena, and the Andean Pact) is an organization for the economic integration of the five South American countries located in the central and northern parts of the massive Andean mountain range. The present members of the organization are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Originally, when the Grupo Andino was established by means of a treaty known as the Cartagena Agreement (Acuerdo de Cartagena) in 1969, Chile was one of the founding members, whereas Venezuela abstained from joining the organization until 1973. As Chile began to develop a more flexible foreign trade and investment policy in the middle 1970's than was acceptable to the other Grupo Andino countries, it gradually withdrew from the organization's activities, and finally ceased to be a member in late 1976.

A new species of the genus Alsodes (Anura: Neobatrachia) from the Nothofagus forest, Coastal Range, Southern Chile, identified by its karyotype

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1771 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
CÉSAR C. CUEVAS P.
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
New Family ◽  
Nothofagus Forest ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Coastal Range

Based on morphology, distribution, and on the presence of a novel diploid number (2n = 30 chromosomes), a new species of frog Alsodes norae from the Coastal Range, Valdivia Province temperate Nothofagus forest, Southern Chile, is described. Hypothetical chromosomal rearrangements and the origin of its unusual karyotype are discussed. Among the South American frogs, the genus Alsodes is recognized by its complex relationships, and based on karyological and geographical distribution information its species are grouped in two larger groups, herein: the Andean group which is conservative, and the Coastal group which is far more variable in gross chromosome morphology. Additionally, the inclusion of Alsodes in the new family Cycloramphidae is commented.

Driver’s Drowsiness Detection Using Dlib and IOT

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanna Lakshmi Kompalli ◽  
Padma Vallakati ◽  
Ganapathi Raju Nadimpalli ◽  
Vinod Mahesh Jain ◽  
Samuel Annepogu
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Online Content ◽  
Facial Landmarks ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
Rear Part ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Published Paper

Background: Road accidents are major cause of deaths worldwide. This is enormously due to fatigue, drowsiness and microsleep of the drivers. This don’t just risk the life of driver and copassengers but also a great threat to the vehicles and humans moving around that vehicle. Methods: Research, online content and previously published paper related to drowsiness are reviewed. Using the facial landmarks DAT file, the prototype will locate and get the eye coordinates and it will calculate Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR). The EAR indicates whether the driver is drowsy or not based on the result various sensors gets activated such as Alarm generator, LED Indicators, LCD message scroll, message sent to owner and engine gets locked. Results: The prototype is able to locate eyes in the frame and detect whether the person is sleepy or not. Whenever the person is feeling drowsy alarm gets generated in the cabinet on further if the person is feeling drowsy, LED indicators will start glowing, messaging will be scrolling at the rear part of vehicle so that other vehicles and humans gets cautioned and vehicle slows down and engine gets locked. Conclusion: This prototype will help in reduction of road accidents due to human intervention. It is not only helpful to the person who install it in their vehicles but also for the other vehicles and humans moving around it.

Native, exotic, and livestock prey: assessment of puma Puma concolor diet in South American temperate region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Guerisoli ◽  
O. Gallo ◽  
S. Martinez ◽  
E. M. Luengos Vidal ◽  
M. Lucherini
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
South American ◽  
Temperate Region

scholarly journals Prebiotic Combinations Effects on the Colonization of Staphylococcal Skin Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Silvia Di Lodovico ◽  
Franco Gasparri ◽  
Emanuela Di Campli ◽  
Paola Di Fermo ◽  
Simonetta D’Ercole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Planktonic Phase ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Biomass Quantification ◽  
General Reduction

Background: An unbalanced skin microbiota due to an increase in pathogenic vs. commensal bacteria can be efficiently tackled by using prebiotics. The aim of this work was to identify novel prebiotic combinations by exerting species-specific action between S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Methods: First, the antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect of Xylitol-XYL and Galacto-OligoSaccharides–GOS combined with each other at different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5%) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains was evaluated in time. Second, the most species-specific concentration was used to combine XYL with Fructo-OligoSaccharides–FOS, IsoMalto-Oligosaccharides–IMO, ArabinoGaLactan–LAG, inulin, dextran. Experiments were performed by OD600 detection, biomass quantification and LIVE/DEAD staining. Results: 1% XYL + 1% GOS showed the best species-specific action with an immediate antibacterial/antibiofilm action against S. aureus strains (up to 34.54% ± 5.35/64.68% ± 4.77) without a relevant effect on S. epidermidis. Among the other prebiotic formulations, 1% XYL plus 1% FOS (up to 49.17% ± 21.46/37.59% ± 6.34) or 1% IMO (up to 41.28% ± 4.88/36.70% ± 10.03) or 1% LAG (up to 38.21% ± 5.31/83.06% ± 5.11) showed antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects similar to 1% XYL+1% GOS. For all tested formulations, a prevalent bacteriostatic effect in the planktonic phase and a general reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation without loss of viability were recorded. Conclusion: The combinations of 1% XYL with 1% GOS or 1% FOS or 1% IMO or 1% LAG may help to control the balance of skin microbiota, representing good candidates for topic formulations.

scholarly journals Dhole pack size variation: Assessing the effect of Prey availability and Apex predator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Bhandari ◽  
Pallavi Ghaskadbi ◽  
Parag Nigam ◽  
Bilal Habib
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Pack Size

A new genus and species of groundwater isopod of the family Protojaniridae (Isopoda: Asellota: Gnathostenetroidoidea) from southern Chile

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4966 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-562
Author(s):  
JORGE PÉREZ-SCHULTHEISS ◽  
GEORGE D. F. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
Apical Lobe ◽  
Antennal Scale ◽  
Freshwater Springs

A new asellotan isopod of the family Protojaniridae Fresi, Idato & Scipione, 1980 is described from freshwater springs in the Osorno province, Los Lagos region, southern Chile. Wiyufiloides osornoensis gen. & sp. n. is the third South American protojanirid species and the first known groundwater isopod in Chile. The new genus and species is principally characterized by the presence of a vestigial antennal scale, a strongly subchelate pereiopod I and the absence of an apical lobe on the protopod of pleopod II. The new taxon is described in detail and figures are given. 

Description, distribution and ecology of endemic Tasmanian quillwort, Isoetes jarmaniae, sp. nov. (Isoetaceae; Lycopodiopsida)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 522 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
DANIEL F. BRUNTON ◽  
MICHAEL GARRETT ◽  
PAUL C. SOKOLOFF ◽  
GINTARAS KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Triangular Shape ◽  
South West ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
River Valleys

Isoetes jarmaniae sp. nov. is described as a new lycophyte endemic to Tasmania, Australia, where it is confined to peat-bound karstic wetlands in several river valleys in the south-west wilderness. While seemingly morphologically closest to I. drummondii, this quillwort has features that are globally uncommon in Isoetes and unknown in other Australasian taxa. Most notable are its markedly flattened, strongly recurved leaves and disproportionately large sporangium ligules that are more suggestive of South American than Australian taxa. As well, the exceptionally thin and wide (alate) megaspore equatorial ridge is swollen at suture intersections, presenting a slightly triangular shape suggestive of the Indian taxon I. udupiensis. The microspores of I. jarmaniae exhibit exceptionally, perhaps uniquely, fine-papillate ornamentation. An original key placing I. jarmaniae in context with the other Tasmanian Isoetes species is provided. This diminutive, apparently diploid species is evidently maintaining a self-sustaining population within a regionally unique habitat and small geographic range.

Morphometrical and molecular evidence suggests cryptic diversity among hookworms (Nematoda: Uncinaria) that parasitize pinnipeds from the south-eastern Pacific coasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. González ◽  
Z. López ◽  
J.J. Nuñez ◽  
K.I. Calderón-Mayo ◽  
C. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Neophoca Cinerea

AbstractHookworms of the genus Uncinaria parasitize pinniped pups in various locations worldwide. Four species have been described, two of which parasitize pinniped pups in the southern hemisphere: Uncinaria hamiltoni parasitizes Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis from the South American coast, and Uncinaria sanguinis parasitizes Neophoca cinerea from the Australian coast. However, their geographical ranges and host specificity are unknown. Uncinaria spp. are morphologically similar, but molecular analyses have allowed the recognition of new species in the genus Uncinaria. We used nuclear genetic markers (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA) and a mitochondrial genetic marker (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)) to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Uncinaria spp. parasitizing A. australis and O. flavescens from South American coasts (Atlantic and Pacific coasts). We compared our sequences with published Uncinaria sequences. A Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analysis was also used to delimit species, and principal component analysis was used to compare morphometry among Uncinaria specimens. Parasites were sampled from A. australis from Peru (12°S), southern Chile (42°S), and the Uruguayan coast, and from O. flavescens from northern Chile (24°S) and the Uruguayan coast. Morphometric differences were observed between Uncinaria specimens from both South American coasts and between Uncinaria specimens from A. australis in Peru and southern Chile. Phylogenetic and GMYC analyses suggest that south-eastern Pacific otariid species harbour U. hamiltoni and an undescribed putative species of Uncinaria. However, more samples from A. australis and O. flavescens are necessary to understand the phylogenetic patterns of Uncinaria spp. across the South Pacific.

scholarly journals Are doomsday scenarios best seen as failed predictions or political detonators? The case of the ‘Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation’

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tor H. Aase
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Alarm Clock ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Ecological Variation ◽  
Other Hand

The so-called ‘Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation’ predicted an environmental collapse by the end of last millennium, threatening the life of millions of people. Fortunately, the all-encompassing crisis did not materialize. The article shows that the ‘Theory’ failed to take into account the vast ecological variation in Himalaya and thus generalized its contentions to the whole mountain range on the basis of deficient data. But, on the other hand, what would have happened if the prediction had not been made? A doomsday scenario like the Theory of Himalayan Degradation can, from the perspective of positivist hypothesis testing, be viewed a posteriori as a failed prediction; but from another perspective it can be seen as an alarm clock that triggered a series of policy initiatives and new knowledge.The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 10: 1-14, 2017

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