scholarly journals Production of Chondroitin Sulphate from Head, Skeleton and Fins of Scyliorhinus canicula By-Products by Combination of Enzymatic, Chemical Precipitation and Ultrafiltration Methodologies

Marine Drugs ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3287-3308 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Blanco ◽  
Javier Fraguas ◽  
Carmen Sotelo ◽  
Ricardo Pérez-Martín ◽  
José Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Head Skeleton ◽  
By Products

Can treated municipal wastewater be reused after ozonation and nanofiltration? Results from a pilot study of pharmaceutical removal in Henriksdal WWTP, Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Flyborg ◽  
Berndt Björlenius ◽  
Kenneth M. Persson
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
By Products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) and ozonation for indirect potable reuse in terms of pharmaceutical residuals. To simultaneously obtain a reasonable retentate volume for further treatment, the tests were performed at a high volume reduction factor (VRF) of 60. The feed to the pilot plant was the effluent from a BNR plant with a final process step of chemical precipitation and rapid sand filtration. Two tests were performed 1) nanofiltration of treated wastewater followed by ozonation and 2) ozonated treated wastewater as feed to NF. Of the 95 pharmaceuticals analysed, three were not removed to the quantification limit, oxazepam in the first test and glibenclamide and ketoprofen in the second. The water quality after the two processes was similar, with an overall removal of pharmaceutical residuals of 99%. There are two advantages of ozonated water as feed to NF—a higher specific flux of 35% and a potential removal of ozonation by-products. The retention of some pharmaceuticals by NF was lower than anticipated, the major removal occurring in the ozonation. A tighter NF or RO is required in order to achieve higher pharmaceutical retention for further treatment of the retentate.

scholarly journals Extractive process for preparing high purity magnesium chloride hexahydrate

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radouanne Fezei ◽  
Halim Hammi ◽  
Adel M’nif
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Isothermal Evaporation ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
By Products ◽  
Evaporation Stage ◽  
Natural Brine

This paper refers a method for the preparation of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (bischofite) from Sebkha el Melah of Zarzis Tunisian natural brine. It is a five-stage process essentially based on crystallization by isothermal evaporation and chemical precipitation. The two first steps were dedicated to the crystallization of sodium chloride and potassiummagnesium double salts, respectively. Then, the resulting liquor was desulfated using calcium chloride solution. After that another isothermal evaporation stage was implemented in order to eliminate potassium ions in the form of carnallite, KCl.MgCl2.6H2O. At the end of this step, the recovered solution primarily composed of magnesium and chloride ions was treated by dioxan in order to precipitate magnesium chloride as MgCl2.6H2O.C4H8O2. This compound dried at constant temperature of 100?C gave good quality magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Besides this salt, the various by-products obtained from the different treatment stages are also useful.

scholarly journals By-products of Scyliorhinus canicula, Prionace glauca and Raja clavata: A valuable source of predominantly 6S sulfated chondroitin sulfate

2017 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Novoa-Carballal ◽  
Ricardo Pérez-Martín ◽  
María Blanco ◽  
Carmen G. Sotelo ◽  
Dario Fassini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Raja Clavata ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Changes in disaccharide composition of heparan sulphate fractions with increasing degrees of sulphation

1983 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Delaney ◽  
H E Conrad
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Heparin Fractions ◽  
Disaccharide Composition ◽  
Biosynthetic Studies ◽  
By Products

Heparan sulphate by-products from the commercial manufacture of pig mucosal heparin were freed of chondroitin sulphate and fractionated according to anionic density. The fractions were treated with HNO2 at pH 1.5, and the resulting mixtures of oligosaccharides were reduced with NaB3H4 and analysed for their disaccharide composition by paper chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The results show that the molar ratio of 2-O-sulpho-alpha-L-iduronosylanhydromannose to 6-O-sulpho-(2-O-sulpho-alpha-L-iduronosyl)anhydromannose decreased from 2.5 to 0.04 as the degree of sulphation of the fractions increased. In contrast, the molar ratio of 6-O-sulpho-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)anhydromannose to 6-O-sulpho-(alpha-L-iduronosyl)anhydromannose was approx. 2.4 in all heparan sulphate fractions and decreased to only half of this value in the most highly sulphated heparin fractions. These results are consistent with biosynthetic studies, which have shown that the N-sulpho-(2-O-sulpho-alpha-L-iduronosyl)D-glucosamine disaccharide is the metabolic precursor of the NO-disulpho-(2-O-sulpho-alpha-L-iduronosyl)-D-glucosamine disaccharide in heparin biosynthesis. The high-pressure liquid chromatography of the heparan sulphate oligosaccharides also revealed a number of unidentified oligosaccharides in the deamination mixtures.

The utilization of waste by-products for removing silicate from mineral processing wastewater via chemical precipitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Kang ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Yuehua Hu ◽  
Zhiyong Gao ◽  
Runqing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Optimisation of the extraction and purification of chondroitin sulphate from head by-products of Prionace glauca by environmental friendly processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Vázquez ◽  
María Blanco ◽  
Javier Fraguas ◽  
Lorenzo Pastrana ◽  
Ricardo Pérez-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
By Products

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Bright-Field Images (Ctem) of Phase Objects at High Resolution

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 490-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumio Iijima
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Single Crystal Films ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
By Products ◽  
Test Objects

We have developed a technique to prepare thin single crystal films of graphite for use as supporting films for high resolution electron microscopy. As we showed elsewhere (1), these films are completely noiseless and therefore can be used in the observation of phase objects by CTEM, such as single atoms or molecules as a means for overcoming the difficulties because of the background noise which appears with amorphous carbon supporting films, even though they are prepared so as to be less than 20Å thick. Since the graphite films are thinned by reaction with WO3 crystals under electron beam irradiation in the microscope, some small crystallites of WC or WC2 are inevitably left on the films as by-products. These particles are usually found to be over 10-20Å diameter but very fine particles are also formed on the film and these can serve as good test objects for studying the image formation of phase objects.

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