scholarly journals Essential Oils as Feed Additives—Future Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Stevanović ◽  
Jasna Bošnjak-Neumüller ◽  
Ivana Pajić-Lijaković ◽  
Jog Raj ◽  
Marko Vasiljević
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Active Compounds

The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives’ (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.

scholarly journals Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil as a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
Abdel-Moneim E. Abdel-Moneim ◽  
Noureldeen G. Mohammed ◽  
Asmaa F. Khafaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

The removal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as feed additives in poultry nutrition from the market in many countries has compelled researchers to find unconventional and safe alternatives to AGPs. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, herbs, immune-stimulants and essential oils (EO) have been investigated as feed additives in poultry production. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), one of the oldest medicinal plants and widely used around the world, can be used in poultry rations in the form of powder or essential oil. Essential oils produced from aromatic plants have become more interesting owing to their potential effects as hypocholesterolaemic agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals and stimulants of digestive enzymes. The potential insecticidal and antimicrobial activities of EO against pathogens that cause spoilage in agriculture crops and human diseases might be attributed mainly to the high content of volatile components (mainly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol) in cinnamon oil. The present review focuses on the effects of cinnamon oil as a feed additive on poultry performance, carcass traits, meat quality, hypocholesterolaemic impact, antioxidant activity, immunity and microbiological aspects.

The effect of a formulation of natural essential oils used as an additive with a milk replacer and a compound feed on the feed efficiency of calves

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
H.M.R. Greathead ◽  
J.M. Forbes ◽  
D. Beaumont ◽  
C. Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Specific Formulation ◽  
The Eu

Some in-feed antibiotic growth promoters have been suspended from use within the EU. Alternatives to these antibiotics are actively being sought, especially ‘natural’ alternatives, such as essential oils, to try and maintain the performance advantage attributed to the use of these antibiotics. Some essential oils, e.g. thyme and origanum, have been shown to have anti-microbial activities (Hammer et al., 1999). The active compounds responsible for this property have been identified, and include cinnamaldehyde, cineol and eugenol. A specific formulation of essential oils reinforced with their active compounds has been combined into a form suitable for use as a feed additive (Multi-Functional Feed Additive, MFA). An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of this MFA on the food conversion ratio (FCR) of calves.

scholarly journals Exploring With Transcriptomic Approaches the Underlying Mechanisms of an Essential Oil-Based Phytogenic in the Small Intestine and Liver of Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Le Coz ◽  
Suzana Ilic ◽  
Silvia Fibi-Smetana ◽  
Gerd Schatzmayr ◽  
Mathias Zaunschirm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Growth Promoters

Phytogenics are plant-based feed additives utilized in animal nutrition to support animal growth and health. Worldwide restrictions and bans on the use of antibiotic growth promoters resulted in an increased demand for in-feed alternatives including phytogenics. However, several challenges remain for technology readiness in animal industry, especially regarding the standardization of the ingredients as well as our knowledge on the cellular mechanisms underlying their biological effects. In the present study, 32 weaned piglets were allocated for 28 days to four experimental diets, a control diet, a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) diet, or the same two diets but with the addition of oxidized oil (OO) at 10%. The last two diets aimed at evaluating the antioxidant properties of PFA. At the end of the trial, the ileum and the liver of the pigs were sampled, and RNA were isolated for profiling their transcriptome via RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). In the ileum, the gene set enrichment analysis showed that the activity of several immune pathways (NF-kB, interferon α/β, antimicrobial peptide, and collagen pathways) was reduced in piglets fed PFA compared to the control piglets. As expected, the addition of OO induced strong effects on the liver transcriptome and most likely accounted for the significant growth impairment. The likelihood ratio test across the four diets revealed a global response driven by the oxidative stress challenge with hundreds of genes associated with fatty acid β-oxidation and peroxisome in the liver. The expression levels of those genes in the piglets fed OO+PFA were much less affected by the challenge. Collectively, the effects seen at day 28 suggest that substances in the PFA formulation provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The use of RNA-Seq in animal nutrition allows exploring and deciphering novel mechanisms of natural growth promoters.

The effects and mechanisms of acids on the health of piglets and weaners – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowak ◽  
Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska ◽  
Andrzej Frankiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Inorganic Acids ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe rearing of piglets is the most difficult period in the pigs’ production because of their poorly developed digestive system and the low activity of digestive enzymes. Problems in nutrition and stress cause some disorders in the functioning of the digestive system leading to diarrhea and the mortality of piglets. Starting in 2006 in the EU, a total ban on antibiotics in their use as growth promoters was introduced. Since then, new and safe feed additives have been sought in order to replace antibiotics. Organic and inorganic acids as well as their salts were recognized as effective and safe additives. Due to their properties, they can improve feed palatability and digestibility, reduce the buffer capacity of feed, impact the development and functioning of the pig’s digestive system and improve the health and growth parameters. However, the effectiveness of acids is related to their qualitative and quantitative share in the feed additive. In this review, some strategies for using organic acids, their mixtures and also some new multi-component products will be discussed.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ МИНЕРАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ КОРМОВОЙ ДОБАВКИ НА ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КРОВИ ТЕЛЯТ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. SABITOV ◽  
A.R. FARKHUTDINOVA ◽  
M.G. MALIKOVA ◽  
N.G. FENCHENKO ◽  
N.I. KHAIRULLINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Изучена целесообразность использования в рационах телят черно-пестрой породы комплексной минерально-витаминной кормовой добавки (КМВКД). Установлено пониженное содержание в кормах таких элементов, как кальций, фосфор, магний, сера, марганец, медь, цинк и кобальт. Соотношение питательных и минеральных веществ, степень их доступности для усвоения организмом не обеспечивают их потребность. Использование КМВКД способствовало улучшению всех гематологических показателей. Все испытываемые рецепты, имеющие в своем составе разные варианты макро-, микроэлементов и витаминов положительно влияют на обменные про- цессы в организме животных. У молодняка опытной группы, получавшей подкормку по рецепту 1, количество эритроцитов в сравнении с животными контрольной группы увеличилось на 6,6, гемоглобина на 6,93 соответственно, по рецепту 2 11,05 и 11,39 по рецепту 3 16,75 и 15,27, то есть соотношение макро- и микроэлементов, имеющихся в составе КМВКД и взаимодействие между собой меди, железа и кобальта сыграли особую роль на концентрацию форменных элементов. У молодняка, получавшего подкормку по рецепту 1 количество общего белка в сравнении с животными контрольной группы увеличилось на 1,99, кальция на 16,02, каротина на 10,92 соответственно, по рецепту 2 4,91, 25,96 и 19,12 по рецепту 3 на 3,58, 27,07 и 20,21. Значительное повышение содержания белка, кальция, фосфора и каротина по сравнению с животными контрольной группы объясняется тем, что недостаток их в рационах восполнялся за счет используемой подкормки, в результате их содержание увеличилось в сыворотке, но не выходило за пределы нормативных данных и соответствовало физиологическим нормам.Practicability of using a complex mineral and vitamin feed additive (CMVFA) in the ration of black-and-white calf breed was studied. Decreased content of such elements as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, copper, zinc, and cobalt was registered. The correlation of nutritive and mineral substances, and the level of their availability for digestion did not provide for their need. CMVFA use facilitated the increase of all hematologic parameters. Tested recipes which had different content of sapropel and zeolite, as well as various types of macronutrients, microelements, and vitamins, positively influenced the digestive processes in animal bodies. Young stock from the test group that was receiving food additives according to recipe No. 1 showed 6.6 increase in the quantity of red blood cells compared to control group animals, and 6.93 increase in hemoglobin quantity the ones who were fed according to recipe No. 2 demonstrated the increase by 11.05 and 11.39 recipe No. 3 showed 16.75 and 15.27 increase, which means that the ratio of macronutrients and microelements present in CMVFA and the mutual interaction of copper, iron, and cobalt played a special role in the concentration of formed elements due to the fact that they are integral elements of blood. Total protein of young stock that was receiving food additives according to recipe No. 1 was 1.99 higher than in test group animals calcium 16.02 higher carotene 10.92 as for recipe No. 2 the values were increased by 4.91, 25.96, and 19.12 recipe No. 3 3.58, 27.07, and 20.21. Substantial increase in the content of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene compared to control group animals can be explained by the fact that their insufficiency in animal feed was replenished due to the use of feed additives, and as a result their content increased in the serum but did not go beyond the norm and corresponded to physiological norms.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

scholarly journals Perspectives for rare earth elements as feed additive in livestock — A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hujaz Tariq ◽  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Srobana Sarkar ◽  
Lamella Ojha ◽  
Ravi Prakash Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Safe Alternative

There is a need for newer feed additives due to legal prohibition on inclusion of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock diets in several countries due to antimicrobial resistance. In this context, rare earth elements (REE) have gained attention among animal nutritionists as potential growth promoters. Currently, several studies have reported better weight gain, milk production, egg laying capacity and feed conversion efficiency among different breeds of farm animals following supplementation with REE, with however largely inconsistent results. Furthermore, REE supplementation has also shown to improve ruminal fibrolytic and proteolytic activities as well as flavor of meat with negligible residues in edible tissue, however the mechanism behind this action is still unclear. According to existing research, due to their poor absorption and similarity with calcium REE might exert their action locally on gut microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, REE have also shown anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as immune stimulating effects. The present review aims to broaden the knowledge about use of REE as feed additives for livestock and sum up efficacy of REE supplementation on performance and health of animals by comparing the findings. Till date, researches with REE have shown properties that make them a promising, new and safe alternative feed additive but further exploration is recommended to optimize effects and clarify discrepancy of various results before practical proposals can be drafted.

scholarly journals Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kroismayr ◽  
J. Sehm ◽  
M.W. Pfaffl ◽  
K. Schedle ◽  
C. Plitzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tissue Samples

In this study 120 piglets were allotted to 3 dietary treatments, negative control group, one group receiving a blend of essential oils (EO) derived from oregano, anise and citrus peels (40 mg/kg diet), and a positive control group treated with avilamycin as growth promoting feed additive (40 mg/kg diet). On day 22 of the experiment, 12 representative animals from each treatment group were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for quantitative real time-PCR analysis and gut tissue morphology. EO and avilamycin decreased the gene expression of the transcriptional factor NFκB and the apoptotic marker TNFα significantly in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. The expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 was also significantly decreased by both substances in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The colonic crypt depth was reduced by avilamycin, and also numerically by the essential oils. These changes correlated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis factor Caspase 3. Histomorphometry revealed a smaller size of ileal Peyer’s patches through the use of both feed additives, which correlated significantly with lower expression rates of NFκB. In conclusion, the results suggest that EO and avilamycin relieved weaning piglets from an immune defence stress in a similar way.

scholarly journals Potential for application of feed additives encapsulation technology in animal nutrition

Krmiva ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Sara Kolar ◽  
Slaven Jurić ◽  
Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina ◽  
Marko Vinceković
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Enhancing Production ◽  
Positive Effect

Demands for higher production and consumer demand for healthier food have encouraged intensive research for alternative animal growth promoters in recent years. Research trends are focused on the development of new products enriched with feed additives to improve animal health and enhancing production. Many of these compounds are unstable in the presence of light, air, water, or high temperatures and need to be protected during processing, storage, and application. By encapsulatied in microparticles, feed additives are protected from harmful external influences, and their stability and functionality are not diminished. Microencapsulation technology is used to protect payload and improve bioavailability by controlled and targeted delivery to the digestive tract. It is particularly suitable for the addition of feed additives in ruminant’s nutrition, because the correct choice of microparticle material allows the release of the feed additives in the small intestine, and not in the rumen. With proper use, microparticle formulations are an effective tool in animal nutrition that delivers nutrients and/or drugs to a specific site at the desired rate. The paper summarizes laboratory studies on the application of microencapsulation technology in feeding ruminants and monogastric animals. Numerous results of the application of encapsulated feed additives have shown a positive effect on animal health, increased productivity without negative effects on the final product, and environmental protection.

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