scholarly journals Peanut Shell Derived Carbon Combined with Nano Cobalt: An Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6662
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Wenhao Yang ◽  
Anthony Chun Yin Yuen ◽  
Hu Long ◽  
Shuilai Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
2D Structure

Biomass-derived carbon has been recognised as a green, economic and promising flame retardant (FR) for polymer matrix. In this paper, it is considered that the two-dimensional (2D) structure of carbonised peanut shells (PS) can lead to a physical barrier effect on polymers. The carbonised sample was prepared by the three facile methods, and firstly adopted as flame retardants for epoxy resin. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter tests indicate that the carbon combined with nano Cobalt provides the most outstanding thermal stability in the current study. With 3 wt.% addition of the FR, both peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) decrease by 37.9% and 33.3%, correspondingly. The flame retardancy mechanisms of the FR are further explored by XPS and TG-FTIR. The effectiveness of carbonised PS can be mainly attributed to the physical barrier effect derived by PS’s 2D structure and the catalysis effect from Cobalt, which contribute to form a dense char layer.

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-503
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tawiah ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Anthony Chun Yin Yuen ◽  
Bin Fei
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Insight Into

The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.

Preparation and Performance of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 424-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Phosphate Ester ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Char Layer

A novel phosphor-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant was prepared by dry method (without adding any solvent) using H3PO4, P2O5, pentaerythritol and melamine as raw materials. IR analysis found that the synthetic flame retardants had the P=O and P-O-C double-ring structures, the same to phosphate ester melamine salts. The reaction temperature, time and the ratio of raw materials had significant effect on the esterification reaction. The esterification reaction temperature should be controlled between 120°C and 130°C, and the reaction time should be 2.5 hours. The conversion rate of esterification could be improved by adding P2O5 to the reaction, and preferential mole rate between H3PO4 and P2O5 should be 2:1. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the starting decomposition temperature of the flame retardant was 190°C, and at 700°C, the residual char rate was about 30%. The expansion ratio of the flame retardant after heated was about 30 to 50 times, SEM analysis found that the exteral surface of the expansion char layer was continuous and smooth, and the interior of the expansion char layer was uniformly porous structures, and the aperture size was about 150-200 μm, such porous structures could provide better adiabatic effect.

scholarly journals Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Barium Phytate and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2900
Author(s):  
Linyuan Wang ◽  
Yue Wei ◽  
Hongbo Deng ◽  
Ruiqi Lyu ◽  
Jiajie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Barium Carbonate ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant

Recently, widespread concern has been aroused on environmentally friendly materials. In this article, barium phytate (Pa-Ba) was prepared by the reaction of phytic acid with barium carbonate in deionized water, which was used to blend with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) as a flame retardant and was added to epoxy resin (EP). Afterward, the chemical structure and thermal stability of Pa-Ba were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. On this basis, the flammability and flame retardancy of EP composites were researched. It is shown that EP/14IFR/2Ba composite has the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/14IFR/2Ba decreases by 69.13% compared with pure EP. SEM and Raman spectra reveal the carbonization quality of EP/14IFR/2Ba is better than that of other composites. The results prove that Pa-Ba can cooperate with IFR to improve the flame retardancy of EP, reducing the addition amount of IFR in EP, thus expanding the application range of EP. In conclusion, adding Pa-Ba to IFR is a more environmentally friendly and efficient method compared with others.

scholarly journals A Novel Self-Assembled Graphene-Based Flame Retardant: Synthesis and Flame Retardant Performance in PLA

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4216
Author(s):  
Peixin Yang ◽  
Hanguang Wu ◽  
Feifei Yang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Nucleation Agent ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

In this study, a novel flame retardant (PMrG) was developed by self-assembling melamine and phytic acid (PA) onto rGO, and then applying it to the improvement of the flame resistance of PLA. PMrG simultaneously decreases the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the composite during combustion, and enhances the LOI value and the time to ignition (TTI), thus significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. The flame retardant mechanism of the PMrG is also investigated. On one hand, the dehydration of PA and the decomposition of melamine in PMrG generate non-flammable volatiles, such as H2O and NH3, which dilute the oxygen concentration around the combustion front of the composite. On the other hand, the rGO, melamine, and PA components in PMrG create a synergistic effect in promoting the formation of a compact char layer during the combustion, which plays a barrier role and effectively suppresses the release of heat and smoke. In addition, the PMrGs in PLA exert a positive effect on the crystallization of the PLA matrix, thus playing the role of nucleation agent.

scholarly journals Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Junming Geng ◽  
Jianyu Qin ◽  
Jiyu He
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

scholarly journals Flame Inhibition and Charring Effect of Aromatic Polyimide and Aluminum Diethylphosphinate in Polyamide 6

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haisheng Feng ◽  
Yong Qiu ◽  
Lijun Qian ◽  
Yajun Chen ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Aromatic Polyimide ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Evolved Gases ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Flame Inhibition ◽  
Mechanical Properties And Corrosion ◽  
Peak Value

An aromatic macromolecular polyimide (API) was synthesized and characterized, and used as a synergistic charring flame retardant in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GF/PA6). API and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) exhibited better flame inhibition behavior and synergistic charring flame retardant behavior compared with ADP alone. The 5%API/7%ADP/GF/PA6 sample achieved the lower peak value of the heat release rate (pk-HRR) at 497 kW/m2 and produced higher residue yields of 36.1 wt.%, verifying that API and ADP have an outstanding synergistic effect on the barrier effect. The API/ADP system facilitated the formation of a carbonaceous, phosphorus and aluminum-containing compact char layer with increased barrier effect. FTIR spectra of the residue and real-time TGA-FTIR analysis on the evolved gases from PA6 composites revealed that API interacted with ADP/PA6 and locked in more P–O–C and P–O–Ar content, which is the main mechanism for improving flame inhibition and charring ability. In addition, the API/ADP system improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of GF/PA6 composites compared to ADP alone.

scholarly journals First phosphorus AB2 monomer for flame-retardant hyperbranched polyphosphoesters: AB2vs. A2 + B3

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 5920-5930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens C. Markwart ◽  
Alexander Battig ◽  
Thomas Kuckhoff ◽  
Bernhard Schartel ◽  
Frederik R. Wurm
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardants

Hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs) are promising flame retardants. Herein we synthesized the first phosphorus-based AB2 monomer for the synthesis of hbPPEs and assess its flame-retardant performance in an epoxy resin.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of DOPO-Functionalized MWCNT and Its High Flame-Retardant Performance in Epoxy Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqiang Gu ◽  
Chen Qiu ◽  
Jianhui Qiu ◽  
Youwei Yao ◽  
Eiichi Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this work, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were synthesized by the reaction between acylated MWCNT and 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (ODOPB). The obtained MWCNT-ODOPB was well dispersed into epoxy resins together with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) to form flame-retardant nanocomposites. The epoxy resin nanocomposite with phosphorus content of 1.00 wt % met UL 94 V-0 rating, exhibited LOI value of 39.5, and had a higher Tg compared to neat epoxy resin, which indicates its excellent flame retardant performance. These experimental results indicated that MWCNT-ODOPB was a compatible and efficient flame retardant for epoxy resins. Moreover, cone calorimeter analysis showed that the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR) values, and CO2 production profiles of the composites decreased with an increase in the additional amount of phosphorus.

The Effect of Intumescent Flame Retardant Contained Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus on the Flame Retardance and Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Epoxy Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1167-1170
Author(s):  
Zhi Ping Wu ◽  
Yun Chu Hu ◽  
Mei Qin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Degradation Behaviour

The effect of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) contained microencapsulated red phosphorus on the flame retardance of E-44 epoxy resin (EP) was studied. The test results indicated that good flame retardancy can be realized when epoxy resin treated with 30% IFR. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the charring amount at high temperature of EP can increase substantially when IFR was incorporated. In order to further explain this phenomenon, Dolye integration method of thermal degradation dynamics was employed to study the thermal degradation process of EP treated with IFR based on the microencapsulated red phosphrous according to the thermal gravimetry analysis results.The activation energy and reactor order of different thermal degradation stages were obtained. The results of thermal degradation dynamics implied the intumescent flame retardants can improve the flame retardance of the epoxy resin through decrease the degradation speed and increase the activation energy of the second thermal degradation stage.

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