scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Associations of Nutrient Patterns with Total and Regional Adiposity: A Study of Middle-Aged Black South African Men and Women

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4558
Author(s):  
Tshifhiwa Ratshikombo ◽  
Julia H. Goedecke ◽  
Melikhaya Soboyisi ◽  
Clement Kufe ◽  
Caroline B. T. Makura-Kankwende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Nutrient Patterns ◽  
Regional Body Fat ◽  
Regional Adiposity

The study evaluated the association between nutrient patterns with body fat and regional adiposity in middle-aged black South African (SA) men and women and determined if this differed by sex. Body fat and regional adiposity (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and dietary intake (7-day quantified food frequency questionnaire) were measured in black SA men (n = 414) and women (n = 346). Using principal component analysis, nutrient patterns were computed from 25 nutrients in the combined sample. Four nutrient patterns were extracted, explaining 67% of the variance in nutrient intake. Animal and fat, as well as the vitamin C, sugar, and potassium driven patterns, were positively associated with total adiposity. In contrast, the retinol and vitamin B12 pattern was associated with the centralisation of fat. Notably, the strength of the association between the animal-driven nutrient pattern and BMI was greater in men (1.14 kg/m2, 95% CI (0.63–1.66)) than in women (0.81 kg/m2, 95% CI (0.25–1.36)) (Pint = 0.017). In contrast, the plant-driven pattern was associated with higher abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in women (44 cm2, 95% CI (22–67)) but not men (Pint = 1.54 × 10−4). These differences suggest that although men and women have similar nutrient patterns, their associations with the whole body and regional body fat are different.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Associations of Nutrient Patterns with Total and Regional Adiposity: A Study of Middle-Aged Black South African Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshifhiwa Ratshikombo ◽  
Julia H. Goedecke ◽  
Melikhaya Soboyisi ◽  
Clement Kufe ◽  
Maphoko Masemola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Nutrient Patterns ◽  
Regional Body Fat ◽  
Regional Adiposity

The study evaluated the association between nutrient patterns and body fat and regional adiposity in middle-aged black South African (SA) men and women and determined if this differed by sex. Body fat and regional adiposity (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and dietary intake (7-day quantified food frequency questionnaire) were measured in black SA men (n=414) and women (n=346). Using principal component analysis, nutrient patterns were computed from 25 nutrients in the combined sample. Four nutrient patterns were extracted, explaining 67% of the variance in nutrient intake. Animal and fat, as well as the vitamin C, sugar and potassium driven patterns, were positively associated with total adiposity. In contrast, the retinol and vitamin B12 pattern was associated with the centralisation of fat. Notably, the strength of the association between the animal-driven nutrient pattern and BMI was greater in men (1.14 kg/m2, 95%CI (0.63-1.66)) than women (0.81 kg/m2, 95%CI (0.25-1.36)) (Pint=0.017). In contrast, the plant driven pattern was associated with higher abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in women (44 cm2, 95%CI (22-67)) but not men (Pint =1.54 x 10-4). These interactions suggest that although men and women have similar nutrient patterns, the associations with the whole body and regional body fat are different.

scholarly journals Nutrient Patterns and Body Composition Parameters of Black South African Women

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Caroline B. T. Makura-Kankwende ◽  
Philippe J. Gradidge ◽  
Nigel J. Crowther ◽  
Shane A. Norris ◽  
Tinashe Chikowore
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
African Women ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Nutrient Patterns ◽  
South African Women

Obesity is more prevalent in black South African women than men. However, little is known about the nutrient patterns associated with body composition indices in black African women. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients derived from quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQs) in 498 middle aged black South African women. Three nutrient patterns, the plant driven, animal driven and Vitamin C, sugar and potassium driven nutrient patterns, accounted for 59% of the variance of nutrient intake. Linear models of the body composition parameters as outcome variables indicated that a standard deviation increase in the animal driven nutrient pattern was significantly associated with increases in body mass index (BMI) (1.29 kg·m−2 (95% CI, 0.54–2.04; p = 0.001), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (26.30 cm2 (7.97–44.63); p = 0.005), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (9.88 cm2 (5.13–14.63); p < 0.001), VAT/SAT ratio (0.01 (0.00–0.02); p = 0.018), whole body fat mass index (0.74 kg·m−2 (0.25–1.22); p = 0.003), and whole body lean mass index (0.53 kg·m−2 (0.23–0.83); p = 0.001). An increase in plant driven nutrient pattern was significantly associated with an increase in SAT of 20.45 cm2 (0.47–40.43); p = 0.045. This study demonstrates that animal driven nutrient pattern, characterised by the consumption of more animal protein and fat nutrients, similar to the western diet is associated with increased body fat and lean mass.

ISH NIA PS 03-08 THE ROLE OF BODY FAT AND FAT DISTRIBUTION IN HYPERTENSION RISK IN URBAN BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. e283
Author(s):  
Cindy George ◽  
Julia Goedecke ◽  
Nigel Crowther ◽  
Nicole Jaff ◽  
Andre Kengne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
African Women ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Hypertension Risk ◽  
South African Women

scholarly journals High risk of metabolic syndrome among black South African women with severe mental illness

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamima Saloojee ◽  
Jonathan K. Burns ◽  
Ayesha A. Motala
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
South African ◽  
Antipsychotic Medication ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Matched Control Group ◽  
Black South African

Background: There is an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) globally. The prevalence of MetS is higher in black women compared to black men from South Africa.Aim: To compare the prevalence of MetS between black South African men and women with SMI taking antipsychotic medication. Further, this prevalence was compared to the prevalence in a matched control group of black South African men and women without SMI. Setting: A general hospital psychiatric unit.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to compare the prevalence of MetS in a group of multi-ethnic participants with SMI treated with antipsychotic medication and a matched control group without SMI, applying the 2009 Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. Here, we included only the black African participants to compare MetS prevalence between men and women.Results: There were 232 participants in the group with SMI (male 155 and female 77) and without SMI (male 156 and female 76). The prevalence of MetS was more than three times higher in women with SMI compared to men with SMI (37.7% vs. 10.3%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS in men or women between the groups with and without SMI. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, female gender (odds ratio [OR] 7.66), advancing age (OR 1.08) and longer duration of illness (OR = 1.15) were significant risk factors for MetS in SMI.Conclusion: In black South Africans with SMI on antipsychotic medication, there is a higher prevalence and risk for MetS in women compared to men.

Dietary fat composition, total body fat and regional body fat distribution in two Caucasian populations of middle-aged and older adult women

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1411-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taulant Muka ◽  
Lauren C. Blekkenhorst ◽  
Joshua R. Lewis ◽  
Richar L. Prince ◽  
Nicole S. Erler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adult ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Regional Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Whole Body Fat Free Mass and Vo2peak in Recreationally Active Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Charles Paul Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Hydrostatic Weighing ◽  
Verification Test ◽  
Oxygen Difference

BACKGROUND: Vo2peak has traditionally been thought to be regulated by cardiac output and arteriovenous-oxygen difference. A “muscle-centric” view suggests the cardiovascular system is secondarily responsive to the primary driver: active muscle mass.METHODS: A total of 19 recreationally active men (N = 10) and women (N = 9) performed a Vo2peak test, a Vo2peak verification test on an electrically braked cycle ergometer on the same day, and a hydrostatic weighing test to assess fat free mass after providing written informed consent.RESULTS: Vo2peak was significantly higher in men (3.74 ± 0.6 L · min−1) than women (2.22 ± 0.30 L · min−1). Whole body fat free mass explained 91% of the variability in Vo2peak (R2 = 0.91) in the men and women combined, 81% of the variability in Vo2peak in men alone, and 46% of the variability in Vo2peak in women alone. None of these subjects were highly trained.DISCUSSION: Fat free mass, a surrogate for muscle mass, was the primary predictor of Vo2peak in this group of recreationally active men and women. Therefore, it appears that whole body fat free mass (a surrogate for muscle mass) is the primary driver for Vo2peak in these recreationally active men and women. These data have implications as to the type of training NASA personnel should be undertaking: resistance training as opposed to aerobic training.Lambert CP. Whole body fat free mass and Vo2peak in recreationally active men and women. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):102–105.

scholarly journals HDL Subclass Distribution Shifts with Increasing Central Adiposity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Woudberg ◽  
Sandrine Lecour ◽  
Julia H. Goedecke
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
African Women ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
South African Women

Although cross-sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with lower concentrations of large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses, it is unknown if changes in HDL subclasses are related to changes in body fat and its distribution over time. We therefore assessed changes in HDL subclass distribution over a 5.5-year free-living follow-up period in 24 black South African women. At baseline and follow-up, body composition and body fat distribution were measured using anthropometry, dual X-ray absorptiometry, and computerized tomography. HDL subclass distribution was quantified using Lipoprint®. Over the 5.5-year follow-up period, body fat (+17.3 ± 4.5 kg,p<0.05) and trunk fat mass (+7.4 ± 1.9%, % fat mass, FM,p<0.05) increased, while leg fat mass (−2.53 ± 0.56%, % FM,p<0.001) and the distribution of large (−6.43 ± 2.12%,p<0.05) HDL subclasses decreased. A percentage decrease in large HDL subclasses was associated with a percentage increase in central fat mass (visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area,p<0.05) and a percentage decrease in peripheral fat mass (leg fat mass). These preliminary findings suggest that a relative redistribution of body fat from the periphery to the abdominal region were associated with a decrease HDL subclass size in black South African women and provide a novel link between body fat distribution and lipidology in this population.

Influence of muscular development, obesity, and age on the fat-free mass of adults

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Womersley ◽  
J. V. Durnin ◽  
K. Boddy ◽  
M. Mahaffy
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Muscular Development ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Measurement

Body fat and the fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated in 36 men and 43 women deliberately chosen to represent a variety of physical types; these were 1) young sedentary, 2) “muscular,” 3) younger obese, 4) older obese, and 5) older nonobese individuals of both sexes. The body fat and the FFM were estimated from measurements of body density (by total immersion in water, measurement being made of the residual volume of air present in the lungs at immersion) and from measurements of total body potassium (using a whole-body monitor to assess the natural 40K isotope present in the body). The muscular men and women and the younger obese men and women had a considerably greater FFM and thus had greater quantities of potassium than the corresponding sedentary groups. There were significantly different estimates of the FFM calculated from density and from total body K in three groups, the sedentary young men, the muscular, and the younger obese women. The density and the potassium content of the FFM appear to decline with obesity and aging. Muscular development is associated with a decrease in the density but an increase in the potassium content of the FFM.

scholarly journals Circulating and Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Composition in Black South African Women with Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1619
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Nono Nankam ◽  
Paul J. van Jaarsveld ◽  
Elin Chorell ◽  
Melony C. Fortuin-de Smidt ◽  
Kevin Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
South African ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
African Women ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
South African Women

Background and Aims: During positive energy balance, excess lipid storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is associated with increased lipolysis. Elevated circulating fatty acid (FA) concentrations from both SAT lipolysis and dietary fat intake may result in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation, impairment of glucose metabolism, altogether increasing obesity-associated metabolic risks. We aimed to test the hypothesis that FA composition of red blood cell total phospholipids (RBC-TPL) and SAT is associated with body fat centralisation (VAT/SAT ratio) and insulin sensitivity (SI) in black South African women with obesity. Methods: Participants’ (n = 41) body fat composition and distribution, SI, and RBC-TPL, abdominal and gluteal SAT (gSAT) FA composition (gas-liquid chromatography) were measured. Results: RBC-TPL contained higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than SAT (p < 0.001), which were associated with lower SI (p < 0.05). Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)-16 were lower, while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase indices were higher in RBC-TPL than SAT (p < 0.001). Interestingly, FA profiles differed between SAT depots with higher SFAs and lower MUFAs, SCD1-16 and SCD1-18 indices in abdominal compared to gluteal SAT (p < 0.01). In both SAT depots, higher SFAs and lower PUFAs (n-3 and n-6) correlated with lower VAT/SAT ratio; and lower PUFAs (n-3 and n-6) and higher total MUFA correlated with higher SI. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the relationships between the FA composition of RBC-TPL and SAT and metabolic risk in black women with obesity, which are dependent on both the FA class, and the tissue type/blood compartment in which they are distributed.

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