scholarly journals Interventions That Successfully Reduced Adults Salt Intake—A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Tânia Silva-Santos ◽  
Pedro Moreira ◽  
Micaela Rodrigues ◽  
Patrícia Padrão ◽  
Olívia Pinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Nutritional Education ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Randomized Intervention ◽  
Reduced Salt ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Pilot Intervention

Background: Adequate sodium intake is important for lowering blood pressure and thus reducing cardiovascular disease risk and other complications. The aim of this review is to identify recent interventions around the world that have been successful in reducing salt intake. Methods: A search in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases was performed. We include studies published in the last 10 years; randomized trials, pilot intervention without a control arm or experimental study; adult participants; and interventions that successfully reduced salt intake. Study quality was assessed. Results: We included 21 studies, 16 randomized intervention trials and five nonrandomized intervention studies. Eleven interventions described health and nutritional education, seven interventions described nutritional education plus other interventions, and three studies used salt meters to reduce sodium intake. Conclusion: Health and nutritional education, nutritional education plus other interventions and estimates of salt intake showed success in the reduction of salt consumption. There is no evidence that one type of intervention analyzed is more effective than other in reducing salt consumption, so we must analyze each in which individuals or subpopulations will have the intervention performed and use the most suitable approaches to lead to better results.

scholarly journals Can Meals Outside Homes Impact Sodium Intake?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Pita Ruiz ◽  
Margareth Guimarães Lima ◽  
Lhais de Paula Barbosa Medina ◽  
Renata Luz Pinto ◽  
Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Study Participants

ABSTRACT Background The WHO currently recommends a daily sodium intake of 2 g and has established the goal of a 30% reduction in mean salt intake by 2025. Objective We sought to estimate sodium intake in study participants according to the locations of where they consumed meals and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and practices related to salt consumption. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2574 individuals aged ≥10 y who answered the 2015 Campinas-Brazil Nutrition Survey. Mean sodium intake was estimated using a 24-h recall log and associations with the independent variables were tested using generalized regression analysis stratified by age group. Results Sodium intake was higher in male participants as well as adolescents and adults who reported eating ≥1 meal outside the home (6.07% and 7.06% increase, respectively). Per meal, sodium was consumed more outside the home at breakfast, during an afternoon snack, and at dinner among adolescents. No significant differences were found in the analysis by type of meal among the adults and seniors. Conclusions Sodium intake exceeded the WHO recommendation in all age groups analyzed. Having ≥1 meal outside the home was associated with greater sodium intake among adolescents and adults. Measures to regulate the food industry and dietary/nutritional education strategies targeting consumers are important to reducing the sodium intake of the population.

scholarly journals Sodium Intake as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3177
Author(s):  
David A. Jaques ◽  
Gregoire Wuerzner ◽  
Belen Ponte
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factor ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Salt Consumption

While sodium is essential for human homeostasis, current salt consumption far exceeds physiological needs. Strong evidence suggests a direct causal relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) and a modest reduction in salt consumption is associated with a meaningful reduction in BP in hypertensive as well as normotensive individuals. Moreover, while long-term randomized controlled trials are still lacking, it is reasonable to assume a direct relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes. However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the effectiveness, safety and feasibility of sodium intake reduction on an individual level. Beyond indirect BP-mediated effects, detrimental consequences of high sodium intake are manifold and pathways involving vascular damage, oxidative stress, hormonal alterations, the immune system and the gut microbiome have been described. Globally, while individual response to salt intake is variable, sodium should be perceived as a cardiovascular risk factor when consumed in excess. Reduction of sodium intake on a population level thus presents a potential strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on the consequences of salt intake on human health, focusing on BP and cardiovascular outcomes as well as underlying pathophysiological hypotheses.

Abstract P328: Reduced Salt Taste Sensitivity Leads to Increase of Daily Salt Intake

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Isomura ◽  
Toru Nabika
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Salt Taste ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reduced Salt ◽  
Normal Sensitivity

Objective: It is empirically aware that inter-individual differences exist in sensitivity of salt taste. It is assumed that person with reduced sensitivity to salt taste may consume a higher amount of salt than those with a normal sensitivity of salt. The objective of this study is to reveal the relationship between the sensitivity of salt taste and salt intake. Design and method: In this study, we defined salt taste sensitivity by the threshold of the sense of salt taste. Therefore, we defined as reduced sensitivity when individuals were unable to sense salt taste in the concentration that majority of individuals could. Japanese residents who came to annual health checkups were recruited to this study. A series of salt-impregnated taste strips were used to measure salt taste intensity. Each taste strip was impregnated with sodium chloride at concentrations of 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm 2 . Daily sodium intake was estimated from sodium excretion in the spot urine using Tanaka’s equation. Results: Among 1,207 participants, 979 (81.1%) individuals were considered to bear normal sensitivity because they were able to detect salt taste by taste strip of 0.6 or 0.8 g/cm 2 . However, 67 (5.6%) individuals were categorized as reduced sensitivity group because they were able to detect it only by the taste strip with the highest amount of salt, or unable to detect salt taste. Daily salt intake of reduced sensitivity group was significantly higher than those in normal sensitivity group (10.3g vs 9.7g, p<0.04). No significant difference was identified in blood presser. Salt taste sensitivity decreased by age, history of smoking and presence of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Our study revealed the sensitivity of salt taste is associated with daily salt intake, even adjusted by gender and age. Strict reduction of salt is recommended especially for Smokers or persons with diabetes mellitus, not only because low BP recommendation but also they might pretend to consume salt because of reduced sensitivity of salt taste.

Incentives to Reduce Salt Intake Resulting From Women’s Experiences: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2199137
Author(s):  
Tahere Soltani ◽  
Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad ◽  
Ali Akbar Vaezi ◽  
Azadeh Nadjarzadeh ◽  
Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Staff Support ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Reduced Salt ◽  
Self Protection

Introduction Over consumption of salt adversely affects health and is associated with some diseases. Salt over consumption has been reported to be higher in Asian countries including Iran. This research aimed to identify the facilitative factors of reduced salt consumption among 20–65 year-old women to develop effective educational interventions. Methods: This research used qualitative content analysis. We included 42 (31 women aged 20–65 years residing in Hamidia, Yazd and 11 healthcare providers) using Purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through focal group discussions (three groups of 6) and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 24 Participants. Data analysis was done using Graneheim and Lundman’s approach. Results: Motivators and facilitators were extracted. The former consisted of sub-categories: physical fitness and healthcare, obtaining others’ approval, family cooperation and support, internal motivators, contextual motivators and healthcare staff support. Sub-categories of the latter were gaining more information from different instructions, willingness to acquire self-protection skills and nutritional advice. These factors affected to reduce the salt intake among women. Conclusion: In the light of the qualitative results of motivating and facilitating factors, it is essential to enhance internal motivators and increase access to information via different communicative channels in community including schools, medical care providers and public associations. It is also necessary to pave the way for more family and medical staff support, provide appropriate educational and advertising programs, raise women’s awareness and change their attitude and behavior with this concern.

scholarly journals Characterization of salt consumption among hypertensives according to socio-demographic and clinical factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Sia Perin ◽  
Marilia Estevam Cornelio ◽  
Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues ◽  
Maria Cecilia Bueno Jayme Gallani
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Clinical Variables ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sodium Consumption ◽  
Total Sodium

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relationship between the behaviors of salt consumption and socio-demographic and clinical variables. METHOD: sodium consumption was evaluated using the methods: self-reporting (considering 3 different behaviors related to salt consumption), 24- hr dietary recall, discretionary salt, food frequency questionnaire, estimation of total sodium intake and 24-hr urinary excretion of sodium (n=108). RESULTS: elevated salt intake according to the different measurements of consumption of the nutrient was associated with the variables: male sex, low level of schooling and monthly income, being Caucasian, and being professionally inactive; and with the clinical variables: elevated Body Mass Index, tensional levels, ventricular hypertrophy and the number of medications used. CONCLUSION: the data obtained shows a heterogenous association between the different behaviors related to salt consumption and the socio-demographic and clinical variables. This data can be used to optimize the directing of educational activities with a view to reducing salt consumption among hypertensives.

scholarly journals Electrolytes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bennett ◽  
Alysha L. Deslippe ◽  
Christine Crosby ◽  
Sally Belles ◽  
Jinan Banna
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Sodium Restriction ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure is a well-studied phenomenon; however, the impact of sodium intake on cardiovascular disease risk and mortality is controversial. Recent studies conclude that weak evidence exists to support sodium restriction for the prevention of cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertensive adults, suggesting that sodium restriction may be an ineffective strategy for disease prevention. Further evidence points to the importance of balancing sodium and potassium intake, a balance commonly achieved with a healthier diet containing greater quantities of fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this article is to highlight dietary strategies that may prove to be more effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Limitations of current methods used to estimate nutrient intake are described as they relate to this topic. Further research is needed to advance understanding of various aspects of dietary intake that are health protective and allow for the development of more effective public education strategies.

scholarly journals Obesity, Sodium Homeostasis, and Arterial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4032
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wójcik ◽  
Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Hypertension Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hypertension In Children

Background: The relationship between obesity, arterial hypertension, and excessive salt intake has been known for a long time; however, the mechanism of this relationship remains not clear. Methods: The paper presents a current literature review on the relationship between salt consumption and the development of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents with obesity. Results: In addition to the traditional theory of hypertension development due to the increase in intravascular volume and disturbances of sodium excretion, recent studies indicate the existence of a complex mechanism related to excessive, pathological secretory activity of adipocytes, insulin resistance, and impaired function of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis. That makes obese children and adolescents particularly vulnerable to the development of salt-sensitive arterial hypertension. Studies performed in many countries have shown that children and adolescents consume more sodium than recommended. It is worth noting, however, that the basis for these recommendations was the extrapolation of data from studies conducted on adults. Moreover, more important than sodium intake is the Na/K ratio and water consumption. Conclusion: Regardless of the population-wide recommendations on reducing salt intake in children, specific recommendations for overweight and obese patients should be developed.

scholarly journals Is too much salt harmful? Yes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1777-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Róbert Agócs ◽  
Dániel Sugár ◽  
Attila J. Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Low Sodium Diet

AbstractThe contribution of high sodium intake to hypertension and to the severity of immune-mediated diseases is still being heatedly debated in medical literature and in the lay media. This review aims to demonstrate two conflicting views on the topic, with the first part citing the detrimental effects of excessive salt consumption. Sodium plays a central role in volume and blood pressure homeostasis, and the positive correlation between sodium intake and blood pressure has been extensively researched. Despite the fact that the average of global daily salt consumption exceeds recommendations of international associations, health damage from excessive salt intake is still controversial. Individual differences in salt sensitivity are in great part attributed to this contradiction. Patients suffering from certain diseases as well as other vulnerable groups—either minors or individuals of full age—exhibit more pronounced blood pressure reduction when consuming a low-sodium diet. Furthermore, findings from the last two decades give insight into the concept of extrarenal sodium storage; however, the long-term consequences of this phenomenon are lesser known. Evidence of the relationship between sodium and autoimmune diseases are cited in the review, too. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are needed to clarify their interplay. In conclusion, for salt-sensitive risk groups in the population, even stricter limits of sodium consumption should be set than for young, healthy individuals. Therefore, the question raised in the title should be rephrased as follows: “how much salt is harmful” and “for whom is elevated salt intake harmful?”

Vitamins - Wrong Approaches

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Moser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Randomized Intervention ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

Deficiencies of essential nutrients have been responsible for many epidemic outbreaks of deficiency diseases in the past. Large observational studies point at possible links between nutrition and chronic diseases. Low intake of antioxidant vitamins e. g. have been correlated to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases or cancer. The main results of these studies are indications that an intake below the recommendation could be one of the risk factors for chronic diseases. There was hardly any evidence that amounts above the RDA could be of additional benefit. Since observational studies cannot prove causality, the scientific community has been asking for placebo-controlled, randomized intervention trials (RCTs). Thus, the consequences of the epidemiological studies would have been to select volunteers whose baseline vitamin levels were below the recommended values. The hypothesis of the trial should be that correcting this risk factor up to RDA levels lowers the risk of a disease like CVD by 20 - 30 %. However, none of the RCTs of western countries was designed to correct a chronic marginal deficiency, but they rather tested whether an additional supplement on top of the recommended values would be beneficial in reducing a disease risk or its prognosis. It was, therefore, not surprising that the results were disappointing. As a matter of fact, the results confirmed the findings of the observational studies: chronic diseases are the product of several risk factors, among them most probably a chronic vitamin deficiency. Vitamin supplements could only correct the part of the overall risk that is due to the insufficient vitamin intake.

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