scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever in India: Perspectives on Future Outbreaks and Control Strategies

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Mousumi Bora ◽  
Durlav Prasad Bora ◽  
Mohan Manu ◽  
Nagendra Nath Barman ◽  
Lakshya Jyoti Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. ASF has been identified in India for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in 2020. A total of 11 ASF outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. Considering the first outbreak of ASF in India, a generic risk assessment framework was determined to identify potential risk factors that might favor future emergence of the disease. Based on the Indian scenario, we considered population density of host, farming practice, availability of biological vectors and wildlife reservoirs, epidemiological cycles, and international trade to analyze the possibility of future outbreaks of ASF and chances of establishment of endemism. On critical analysis of the identified risk factors associated with ASFV transmission, we observed that the risk factors are well preserved in the Indian geography and might participate in future outbreaks, further disseminating the disease to nearby countries. Since no vaccine is currently available against ASF, the domestic and the wild pigs (wild boars and the endangered pygmy hogs native to India) of this region are under constant threat of infection. For the near future, this region will have to continue to rely on the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the devastating losses that outbreaks can cause. The various adaptive control strategies to minimize the risks associated with the transmission of ASF, keeping our views to Indian settings, have been described. The risk-analysis framework presented in the study will give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and will help to design control strategies and corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of ASF disease.

scholarly journals Assessment of risk factors of African Swine Fever in India: perspectives on future outbreaks and control strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousumi Bora ◽  
Durlav Bora ◽  
Manu M ◽  
Nagendra Nath Barman ◽  
Lakshya Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Prevention and Control Strategies of African Swine Fever and Progress on Pig Farm Repopulation in China

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2552
Author(s):  
Yuanjia Liu ◽  
Xinheng Zhang ◽  
Wenbao Qi ◽  
Yaozhi Yang ◽  
Zexin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
And Control

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease in domestic and wild pigs. Since the first outbreak of ASF in August 2018 in China, the disease has spread throughout the country with an unprecedented speed, causing heavy losses to the pig and related industries. As a result, strategies for managing the disease are urgently needed. This paper summarizes the important aspects of three key elements about African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission, including the sources of infection, transmission routes, and susceptible animals. It overviews the relevant prevention and control strategies, focusing on the research progress of ASFV vaccines, anti-ASFV drugs, ASFV-resistant pigs, efficient disinfection, and pig farm biosecurity. We then reviewed the key technical points concerning pig farm repopulation, which is critical to the pork industry. We hope to not only provide a theoretical basis but also practical strategies for effective dealing with the ASF epidemic and restoration of pig production.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Land Cover Contribute to Pseudorabies Virus Exposure in Invasive Wild Pigs

EcoHealth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe A. Hernández ◽  
Amanda N. Carr ◽  
Michael P. Milleson ◽  
Hunter R. Merrill ◽  
Michael L. Avery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Agent ◽  
Open Canopy

AbstractWe investigated the landscape epidemiology of a globally distributed mammal, the wild pig (Sus scrofa), in Florida (U.S.), where it is considered an invasive species and reservoir to pathogens that impact the health of people, domestic animals, and wildlife. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that two commonly cited factors in disease transmission, connectivity among populations and abundant resources, would increase the likelihood of exposure to both pseudorabies virus (PrV) and Brucella spp. (bacterial agent of brucellosis) in wild pigs across the Kissimmee Valley of Florida. Using DNA from 348 wild pigs and sera from 320 individuals at 24 sites, we employed population genetic techniques to infer individual dispersal, and an Akaike information criterion framework to compare candidate logistic regression models that incorporated both dispersal and land cover composition. Our findings suggested that recent dispersal conferred higher odds of exposure to PrV, but not Brucella spp., among wild pigs throughout the Kissimmee Valley region. Odds of exposure also increased in association with agriculture and open canopy pine, prairie, and scrub habitats, likely because of highly localized resources within those land cover types. Because the effect of open canopy on PrV exposure reversed when agricultural cover was available, we suggest that small-scale resource distribution may be more important than overall resource abundance. Our results underscore the importance of studying and managing disease dynamics through multiple processes and spatial scales, particularly for non-native pathogens that threaten wildlife conservation, economy, and public health.

A Comprehensive Review on Reconfigurable Drones: Classification, Characteristics, Design and Control Technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Saddam Hocine Derrouaoui ◽  
Yasser Bouzid ◽  
Mohamed Guiatni ◽  
Islam Dib
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cluttered Environments ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

Recently, reconfigurable drones have gained particular attention in the field of automation and flying robots. Unlike the conventional drones, they are characterized by a variable mechanical structure in flight, geometric adaptability, aerial reconfiguration, high number of actuators and control inputs, and variable mathematical model. In addition, they are exploited to flight in more cluttered environments, avoid collisions with obstacles, transport and grab objects, cross narrow and small spaces, decrease different aerial damages, optimize the consumed energy, and improve agility and maneuverability in flight. Moreover, these new drones are considered as a viable solution to provide them with specific and additional functionalities. They are a promising solution in the near future, since they allow increasing considerably the capabilities and performance of classical drones in terms of multi-functionalities, geometric adaptation, design characteristics, consumed energy, control, maneuverability, agility, efficiency, obstacles avoidance, and fault tolerant control. This paper explores very interesting and recent research works, which include the classification, the main characteristics, the various applications, and the existing designs of this particular class of drones. Besides, an in-depth review of the applied control strategies will be presented. The links of the videos displaying the results of these researches will be also shown. A comparative study between the different types of flying vehicles will be established. Finally, several new challenges and future directions for reconfigurable drones will be discussed.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea, and associated risk factors, in children aged 0-5 years, at two hospitals in Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Adanma Florence Nwaoha ◽  
Camelita Chima Ohaeri ◽  
Ebube Charles Amaechi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Government ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of infectious mor­bidity and mortality in children under five years of age. This study aimed at identifying the most common parasites and potential risk factors for diarrhoea among children 0-5 years attending Abia State Specialist hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, in south east­ern Nigeria. We used 400 faecal samples from children with diarrhoea –and 200 without– in combination with hospital-based case control and a questionnaire Stool samples were processed with direct normal saline and formal-ether sedimentation method for parasitological stud­ies. More males than females were infected in nearly all age groups in both diarrhoeal and control groups (X2=23.04, df=1, P<0.05: X2=11.52, df=1, P<0.05 respectively). Amachara had more infections (X2=0.15, df=1, P< 0.05). January had the highest rate of infection (22.5%). Main clinical features were watery depositions over 3 times a day, diarrhoea lasting for days, fever, vomiting, and dehydration. Mothers learned about the problem through health workers, television and in medical centers. Risk correlated with mother’s education, occupation, latrine type, waste water disposal, hand washing, kitchen cleaning; sources and storage of water; and bottle milk (P< 0.05).Ignorance greatly con­tributed to the spread of parasitic disease in the area: the government should improve education and other strategies to alleviate the spread of the disease..

Wave Energy Hyperbaric Converter: Small Scale Models, Prototype and Control Strategies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Segen F. Estefen ◽  
Paula B. Garcia-Rosa ◽  
Eliab Ricarte ◽  
Paulo Roberto da Costa ◽  
Marcelo M. Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Climate Analysis ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
And Control

A device for electricity generation from ocean waves has been developed for installation on the Brazilian northeast coast. It is based on pumping modules and a two-stage accumulator linked to a hyperbaric chamber in order to provide a prescribed high pressure water flow, which operates a turbine coupled with an electrical generator. In the period between 2001 and 2007, wave tank testing of small-scale models have been carried out. A prototype with two pumping modules is presently installed in the Port of Pecém. This paper describes an overview of the device development since the first tests to the installation of the prototype. Wave climate analysis, design analysis and optimization studies have been developed and are briefly revised in this study. Furthermore, control strategies are proposed to optimize the electrical output considering the proper combination of both pressure and flow rate as a function of the predominant wave climate, when the applied pressure is constant and the generator is a synchronous machine.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Infection or Colonization with CTX-M Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Positive Escherichia coli

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 5575-5580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Han ◽  
Kei Kasahara ◽  
Paul H. Edelstein ◽  
Warren B. Bilker ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urinary Culture ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTThere has been a significant increase in the prevalence ofEnterobacteriaceaethat produce CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for infection or colonization with CTX-M-positiveEscherichia coli. A case-control study was conducted within a university system from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008. All patients with clinical cultures withE. colidemonstrating resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins were included. Case patients were designated as those with cultures positive for CTX-M-positiveE. coli, and control patients were designated as those with non-CTX-M-producingE. coli. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for CTX-M-positive isolates. A total of 83 (56.8%) of a total of 146 patients had cultures with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. On multivariable analyses, there was a significant association between infection or colonization with CTX-M-type β-lactamase-positiveE. coliand receipt of piperacillin-tazobactam in the 30 days prior to the culture date (odds ratio [OR], 7.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61 to 33.8;P= 0.01) and a urinary culture source (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.77;P= 0.008). The rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones were significantly higher in isolates from case patients than in isolates from control patients (90.4 and 50.8%, respectively;P< 0.001). We found that nonurinary sources of clinical cultures and the recent use of piperacillin-tazobactam conferred an increased risk of colonization or infection with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. Future studies will need to focus on outcomes associated with infections due to CTX-M-positiveE. coli, as well as infection control strategies to limit the spread of these increasingly common organisms.

Small Scale Wind Generation System: Part II – A Novel Quasi-Z-Source Inverter and FRG-QZSI-Micro Grid Interface

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
M. Ramkumar ◽  
K. N. Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Power Injection ◽  
System Part ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
Wind Generation System ◽  
And Control

<p>This paper proposes modelling, analysis and control of a small scale wind energy conversion system employing a direct driven Flux Reversal Generator (FRG) connected to the micro grid through a quasi-Z-source inverter (QZSI). This entire research is made up of two major parts viz., FRG and QZSI. In the part I report of this research work, the role of FRG has been thoroughly modelled and verified. In this part II, the modelling and analysis of QZSI for this purpose is presented. In addition, the modified space vector PWM (SVPWM) technique is proposed in this paper to satisfy the shoot-through characteristic of QZSI, which is a novel. The interface of FRG and QZSI to inject power in to micro grid has been finally presented. The simulation results are validated with the analytical results. Section I discusses the open loop control of QZSI. The mathematical modelling of QZSI for this purpose is given and analytically validated. This flowed by section II in which the proposed SVPWM is presented. The procedure to obtain triggering pulses using this proposed modulation technique is discussed. Section III presents closed loop control strategies for QZSI. Section IV presents the micro grid<br />inte face and power injection.</p>

A Methodology for Identifying Ergonomics Risk Factors and Measuring the Results of Implementation of Corrective Actions

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 717-721
Author(s):  
Marilyn Joyce ◽  
Andrew J. Marcotte ◽  
Richard Barker ◽  
Edward J. Klinenberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Office Environments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Administrative Tasks

A methodology for identifying ergonomics risk factors and control strategies in office environments has been developed and pilot tested. Developed as part of an overall ergonomics program being implemented by the United States Air Force, the employees impacted include both civilian and military personnel performing a wide range of administrative tasks typically performed in offices. The research design included: a focused literature review; strategic site visits; and review of criteria established by the Air Force; an iterative developmental process of a Screening Survey and an Ergonomics Assessment Methodology Guide; and testing. The results indicate that the process can be used as an effective means for identifying and controlling ergonomics hazards in administrative work areas.

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