scholarly journals 3D Printing for Hip Implant Applications: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2682
Author(s):  
Obinna Okolie ◽  
Iwona Stachurek ◽  
Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian ◽  
James Njuguna
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Replacement Treatment ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
3D Printed

There is a rising demand for replacement, regeneration of tissues and organ repairs for patients who suffer from diseased/damaged bones or tissues such as hip pains. The hip replacement treatment relies on the implant, which may not always meet the requirements due to mechanical and biocompatibility issues which in turn may aggravate the pain. To surpass these limitations, researchers are investigating the use of scaffolds as another approach for implants. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers significant potential as an efficient fabrication technique on personalized organs as it is capable of biomimicking the intricate designs found in nature. In this review, the determining factors for hip replacement and the different fabrication techniques such as direct 3D printing, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and stereolithography (SLA) for hip replacement. The study also covers surface modifications of 3D printed implants and provides an overview on 3D tissue regeneration. To appreciate the current conventional hip replacement practices, the conventional metallic and ceramic materials are covered, highlighting their rationale as the material of choice. Next, the challenges, ethics and trends in the implants’ 3D printing are covered and conclusions drawn. The outlook and challenges are also presented here. The knowledge from this review indicates that 3D printing has enormous potential for providing a pathway for a sustainable hip replacement.

scholarly journals 3D Printing of Thermo-Sensitive Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1524
Author(s):  
Sadikalmahdi Abdella ◽  
Souha H. Youssef ◽  
Franklin Afinjuomo ◽  
Yunmei Song ◽  
Paris Fouladian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Technique ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Selection Of

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is among the rapidly evolving technologies with applications in many sectors. The pharmaceutical industry is no exception, and the approval of the first 3D-printed tablet (Spiratam®) marked a revolution in the field. Several studies reported the fabrication of different dosage forms using a range of 3D printing techniques. Thermosensitive drugs compose a considerable segment of available medications in the market requiring strict temperature control during processing to ensure their efficacy and safety. Heating involved in some of the 3D printing technologies raises concerns regarding the feasibility of the techniques for printing thermolabile drugs. Studies reported that semi-solid extrusion (SSE) is the commonly used printing technique to fabricate thermosensitive drugs. Digital light processing (DLP), binder jetting (BJ), and stereolithography (SLA) can also be used for the fabrication of thermosensitive drugs as they do not involve heating elements. Nonetheless, degradation of some drugs by light source used in the techniques was reported. Interestingly, fused deposition modelling (FDM) coupled with filling techniques offered protection against thermal degradation. Concepts such as selection of low melting point polymers, adjustment of printing parameters, and coupling of more than one printing technique were exploited in printing thermosensitive drugs. This systematic review presents challenges, 3DP procedures, and future directions of 3D printing of thermo-sensitive formulations.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Printing Versus Conventional Machining in the Creation of a Meatal Urethral Dilator: a Cost and Mechanical Strength Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yue-Cheng Chen ◽  
Jacob Skewes ◽  
Ryan Daley ◽  
Maria Ann Woodruff ◽  
Nicholas John Rukin
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Conventional Machining

Abstract BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology but the limitations are often poorly understood. We compare different 3D printingmethods with conventional machining techniques in manufacturing meatal urethral dilators which were recently removed from the Australian market. MethodsA prototype dilator was 3D printed vertically orientated on a low cost fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). It was also 3D printed horizontally orientated in ABS on a high-end FDM 3D printer with soluble support material, as well as on a SLS 3D printer in medical nylon. The dilator was also machined in stainless steel using a lathe. All dilators were tested mechanically in a custom rig by hanging calibrated weights from the handle until the dilator snapped. ResultsThe horizontally printed ABS dilator experienced failure at a greater load than the vertically printed PLA and ABS dilators respectively (503g vs 283g vs 163g, p < 0.001). The SLS nylon dilator and machined steel dilator did not fail. The steel dilator is most expensive with a quantity of five at 98 USD each, but this decreases to 30 USD each for a quantity of 1000. In contrast, the cost for the SLS dilator is 33 USD each for five and 27 USD each for 1000. ConclusionsAt the current time 3D printing is not a replacement for conventional manufacturing. 3D printing is best used for patient-specific parts, prototyping or manufacturing complex parts that have additional functionality that cannot otherwise beachieved.

scholarly journals An overview on 3D Printed Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-13
Author(s):  
Neha Thakur ◽  
Hari Murthy
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Semi Solid

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a digitally-controlled additive manufacturing technique used for fast prototyping. This paper reviews various 3D printing techniques like Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling, (FDM), Semi-solid extrusion (SSE), Stereolithography (SLA), Thermal Inkjet (TIJ) Printing, and Binder jetting 3D Printing along with their application in the field of medicine. Normal medicines are based on the principle of “one-size-fits-all”. This is not true always, it is possible medicine used for curing one patient is giving some side effects to another. To overcome this drawback “3D Printed medicines” are developed. In this paper, 3D printed medicines forming different Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are reviewed. Printed medicines are capable of only curing the diseases, not for the diagnosis. Nanomedicines have “theranostic” ability which combines therapeutic and diagnostic. Nanoparticles are used as the drug delivery system (DDS) to damaged cells’ specific locations. By the use of nanomedicine, the fast recovery of the disease is possible. The plant-based nanoparticles are used with herbal medicines which give low-cost and less toxic medication called nanobiomedicine. 4D and 5D printing technology for the medical field are also enlightened in this paper.

scholarly journals Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactide Composites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2456
Author(s):  
Demei Lee ◽  
Guan-Yu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing technology which creates three-dimensional objects layer-by-layer or drop-by-drop with minimal material waste. Despite the fact that 3D printing is a versatile and adaptable process and has advantages in establishing complex and net-shaped structures over conventional manufacturing methods, the challenge remains in identifying the optimal parameters for the 3D printing process. This study investigated the influence of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)-printed carbon fiber-filled polylactide (CFR-PLA) composites by employing an orthogonal array model. After printing, the tensile and impact strengths of the printed composites were measured, and the effects of different parameters on these strengths were examined. The experimental results indicate that 3D-printed CFR-PLA showed a rougher surface morphology than virgin PLA. For the variables selected in this analysis, bed temperature was identified as the most influential parameter on the tensile strength of CFR-PLA-printed parts, while bed temperature and print orientation were the key parameters affecting the impact strengths of printed composites. The 45° orientation printed parts also showed superior mechanical strengths than the 90° printed parts.

scholarly journals Surface Roughness Effect on the 3d Printed Butt Joints Strength

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kovan ◽  
G. Altan ◽  
E.S. Topal ◽  
H.E. Camurlu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thickness Effect ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Dimensional Object

Three-dimensional printing or 3D printing (also called additive manufacturing) is any of various processes used to make a three-dimensional object. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modelling, prototyping, and production applications. It is one of the techniques used for 3D printing. FDM is somewhat restricted in the size and the variation of shapes that may be fabricated. For parts too large to fit on a single build, for faster job builds with less support material, or for parts with finer features, sectioning and bonding FDM parts is a great solution. The strength of adhesive bonded FDM parts is affected by the surface roughness. In this study, the layer thickness effect on bonding strength is experimentally studied and the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Tensile Properties and Damage of Continuous Fibre Reinforced 3D-Printed Parts

2018 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio Andrés González-Estrada ◽  
Alberto Pertuz ◽  
Jabid E. Quiroga Mendez
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been traditionally used for the production of prototypes. Recently, developments in 3D printing using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and reinforcement with continuous fibres (fiberglass and carbon fibre), have allowed the manufacture of functional prototypes, considerably improving the mechanical performance of the composite parts. In this work, we characterise the elastic tensile properties of fibre reinforced specimens, considering the variation of several parameters available during the printing process: fibre orientation, volume fraction, fill pattern, reinforcement distribution. Tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D638 to obtain Young’s modulus and ultimate strength for different material configurations available during the printing process. We also perform a fractographic analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to give an insight of the failure mechanisms present in the specimens.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing in the Geopolymer Construction Technology: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Salmabanu Luhar ◽  
Ismail Luhar
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
Net Shaping

This research paper presents a scientific attempt of a comprehensive systematic review of three-dimensional printing in geopolymer construction technology. The concept of 3D printing is an automated manufacturing process, layer- by- layer command, with computer-aided design model to create physical objects, acquiring swift development for the last few decades. An expansion of novel Geopolymer technology has been adopted in the construction and infrastructure industries for decades. The critical challenges of construction and infrastructure industries, such as the need for architectural, holistic, and rational designs, can be dealt with 3D printing techniques. Plentiful advantages of this emerging novel technology include a reduced amount of cost, ease of construction, a lesser amount of time, freedom of design, less wastage, aptitude to create complex structures, decrease in labor requirements, etc. Accordingly, The paper discusses common 3D techniques, such as Fused Deposition Modelling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, 3D plotting, Laminated Object Manufacturing technique, Direct Energy deposition technique or laser engineered net shaping, Powder Bed Fusion and Inject Head 3D printing and direct deposition method. Overall, this study provides an introduction of 3D printing automation and robotics processes in a geopolymer construction industry. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes to motivate researchers towards future studies about 3D printing.

scholarly journals An Overview of Natural Polymers as Reinforcing Agents for 3D Printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Beatrice Sabbatini ◽  
Alessandra Cambriani ◽  
Marco Cespi ◽  
Giovanni Filippo Palmieri ◽  
Diego Romano Perinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Glass Carbon

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, is a group of innovative technologies that are increasingly employed for the production of 3D objects in different fields, including pharmaceutics, engineering, agri-food and medicines. The most processed materials by 3D printing techniques (e.g., fused deposition modelling, FDM; selective laser sintering, SLS; stereolithography, SLA) are polymeric materials since they offer chemical resistance, are low cost and have easy processability. However, one main drawback of using these materials alone (e.g., polylactic acid, PLA) in the manufacturing process is related to the poor mechanical and tensile properties of the final product. To overcome these limitations, fillers can be added to the polymeric matrix during the manufacturing to act as reinforcing agents. These include inorganic or organic materials such as glass, carbon fibers, silicon, ceramic or metals. One emerging approach is the employment of natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) as reinforcing agents, which are extracted from plants or obtained from biomasses or agricultural/industrial wastes. The advantages of using these natural materials as fillers for 3D printing are related to their availability together with the possibility of producing printed specimens with a smaller environmental impact and higher biodegradability. Therefore, they represent a “green option” for 3D printing processing, and many studies have been published in the last year to evaluate their ability to improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. The present review provides an overview of the recent literature regarding natural polymers as reinforcing agents for 3D printing.

scholarly journals Influence of the Infill Geometry of 3D-Printed Tablets on Drug Dissolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Nuno Venâncio ◽  
Gabriela G. Pereira ◽  
João F. Pinto ◽  
Ana I. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Dimensional Printing ◽  
Hot Melt ◽  
Patient Centric

Patient-centric therapy is especially important in pediatrics and may be attained by three-dimensional printing. Filaments containing 30% w/w of theophylline were produced by hot-melt extrusion and printed using fused deposition modelling to produce tablets. Here, preliminary results evaluating the effect of infill geometry (cross, star, grid) on drug content and release are reported.

Investigations of process parameters during dissolution studies of drug loaded 3D printed tablets

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192199358
Author(s):  
Varun Sharma ◽  
Khaja Moinuddin Shaik ◽  
Archita Choudhury ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Prateek Kala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Rate Of Dissolution ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Percentage Release

The present research paper attempts to study the effect of different process parameters on the dissolution rate during 3D printed tablets. Three-dimensional printing has the potential of serving tailored made tablets to cater personalized drug delivery systems. Fluorescein loaded PVA filaments through impregnation route was used to fabricate tablets based on Taguchi based design of experimentation using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The effect of print speed, infill percentage and layer thickness were analyzed to study the effect on rate of dissolution. Infill percentage followed by print speed were found to be critical parameters affecting dissolution rate. The data analysis provided an insight into the study of interaction among different 3D printing parameters to develop an empirical relation for percentage release of the drug in human body.

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