scholarly journals Mathematical Model for the Removal of Essential Oil Constituents during Steam Distillation Extraction

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Sharad Maharaj ◽  
David McGaw
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Diffusional Transfer ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction ◽  
The Individual

Steam distillation is the conventional means by which oils are extracted in the flavour and fragrance industry. A mathematical model for the steam distillation extraction (SDE) of air-dried Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaves has been developed and tested using a small-scale pilot plant. The model predicts the removal of oil components from the plant matrix and subsequent transfer to the steam. It also accounts for the diffusional transfer of components within the leaf and the simultaneous convective transfer into the vapour phase while also respecting the individual components’ volatilities. It has been applied vertically on an element-by-element basis through the bed for a mixture of major and minor components. The proposed SDE model appears to be a good match between predicted values and the experimental data. The model predicts a faster initial extraction rate for components such as α-pinene and α-terpinene, possibly due to preferential extraction of light, volatile components present in larger quantities.

Influence of stable iodine on the uptake of the thyroid – model vs. experiment

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Wellner ◽  
E. Voth ◽  
H. Schicha ◽  
K. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Iodine Supply ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stable Iodine

Summary Aim: The influence of physiological and pharmacological amounts of iodine on the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid was examined in a 4-compartment model. This model allows equations to be derived describing the distribution of tracer iodine as a function of time. The aim of the study was to compare the predictions of the model with experimental data. Methods: Five euthyroid persons received stable iodine (200 μg, 10 mg). 1-123-uptake into the thyroid was measured with the Nal (Tl)-detector of a body counter under physiological conditions and after application of each dose of additional iodine. Actual measurements and predicted values were compared, taking into account the individual iodine supply as estimated from the thyroid uptake under physiological conditions and data from the literature. Results: Thyroid iodine uptake decreased from 80% under physiological conditions to 50% in individuals with very low iodine supply (15 μg/d) (n = 2). The uptake calculated from the model was 36%. Iodine uptake into the thyroid did not decrease in individuals with typical iodine supply, i.e. for Cologne 65-85 μg/d (n = 3). After application of 10 mg of stable iodine, uptake into the thyroid decreased in all individuals to about 5%, in accordance with the model calculations. Conclusion: Comparison of theoretical predictions with the measured values demonstrated that the model tested is well suited for describing the time course of iodine distribution and uptake within the body. It can now be used to study aspects of iodine metabolism relevant to the pharmacological administration of iodine which cannot be investigated experimentally in humans for ethical and technical reasons.

Theory of the equilibrium in a microapparatus for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2115-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Janda ◽  
Bohuslav Doležal
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Azeotropic Mixtures ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction

The phase equilibrium establishing in a microapparatus designed for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction is treated. This technique, used for the preconcentration of water pollutants followed by the gas chromatographic analysis of the extract, is suitable for organic substances with boiling temperatures higher than that of water which form azeotropic mixtures with water, the boiling temperatures of which are lower than those of water and the organic substances themselves. The organic solvent used for the extraction must have a very low boiling temperature. The recovery from the whole procedure and the concentration factor depend on the volumes of the water sample and the organic solvent as well as on the volume of the space where the extraction of the organic substance from the aqueous condensate takes place.

Deep and Shallow Water Low-Speed Maneuvering Tests: Comparison Between Experimental and Simulation Results

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Ribolla Masetti ◽  
Pedro Cardozo de Mello ◽  
Guilherme F. Rosetti ◽  
Eduardo A. Tannuri
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Hydrodynamic Coefficients ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Tunnel Model ◽  
Oceanographic Research ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The University ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper presents small-scale low-speed maneuvering tests with an oceanographic research vessel and the comparison with mathematical model using the real time maneuvering simulator developed by the University of São Paulo (USP). The tests are intended to verify the behavior of the vessel and the mathematical model under transient and low speed tests. The small-scale tests were conducted in deep and shallow waters, with a depth-draft ratio equal to 1.28, in order to verify the simulator ability to represent the vessel maneuverability on both depth conditions. The hydrodynamic coefficients used in the simulator model were obtained by CFD calculations and wind tunnel model tests carried out for this vessel. Standard turning circle and accelerating turn maneuvers were used to compare the experimental and numerical results. A fair agreement was achieved for shallow and deep water. Some differences were observed mainly in the initial phase of the accelerating turn test.

scholarly journals Mudra (shishu) – an effective scheme in startups

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
K.C. Kavipriya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Economic Development of a country depends upon the individual development; Creation of more Employment opportunities is the right way to strengthen our Economy. By way of strengthening Small scale units, ultimately more people will get Employment. More over Small scale Industries required less amount of Capital. These are the main reasons to start the scheme MUDRA. The scheme MUDRA was launched in the year 2015 by Government of India. In India most of the people are depending upon small scale businesses as their source of livelihood. Most of the individuals depend on un-organised sectors for loans and other credit facilities which have high rate of interest along with unbearable terms and conditions. Ultimately it will lead these poor people to fall in debts. This paper is an attempt to educate the readers about MUDRA Yojana.

scholarly journals Time Coordination of Periodic Passenger Train Connections in Conditions of Single-Track Lines

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Filip Lorenz ◽  
Vit Janos ◽  
Dusan Teichmann ◽  
Michal Dorda
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mathematical Programming ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Optimization Software ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given

The article addresses creation of a mathematical model for a real problem regarding time coordination of periodic train connections operated on single-track lines. The individual train connections are dispatched with a predefined tact, and their arrivals at and departures to predefined railway stations (transfer nodes) need to be coordinated one another. In addition, because the train connections are operated on single-track lines, trains that pass each other in a predefined railway stations must be also coordinated. To optimize the process, mathematical programming methods are used. The presented article includes a mathematical model of the given task, and the proposed model is tested with real data. The calculation experiments were implemented using optimization software Xpress-IVE.

scholarly journals A modelling approach to estimate the sensitivity of pooled faecal samples for isolation of Salmonella in pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E Arnold ◽  
Alasdair Cook ◽  
Rob Davies
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Sensitive Test ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Sample Weights ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modelling Approach

The objective of this study was to develop and parametrize a mathematical model of the sensitivity of pooled sampling of faeces to detect Salmonella infection in pigs. A mathematical model was developed to represent the effect of pooling on the probability of Salmonella isolation. Parameters for the model were estimated using data obtained by collecting 50 faecal samples from each of two pig farms. Each sample was tested for Salmonella at individual sample weights of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 and 25 g and pools of 5, 10 and 20 samples were created from the individual samples. The highest test sensitivity for individual samples was found at 10 g (90% sensitivity), with the 25 g test sensitivity equal to 83%. For samples of less than 10 g, sensitivity was found to reduce with sample weight. Incubation for 48 h was found to produce a more sensitive test than incubation for 24 h. Model results found increasing sensitivity with more samples in the pool, with the pools of 5, 10 and 20 being more sensitive than individual sampling, and the pools of 20 being the most sensitive of those considered.

Development of a Predictive Equation for Ventilation in a Wall-Solar Chimney System

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Park ◽  
Francine Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maximum Relative Error ◽  
Solar Chimney

A solar chimney is a natural ventilation technique that has potential to save energy consumption as well as to maintain the air quality in a building. However, studies of buildings are often challenging due to their large sizes. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between small- and full-scale solar chimney system models. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to model different building sizes with a wall-solar chimney utilizing a validated model. The window, which controls entrainment of ambient air for ventilation, was also studied to determine the effects of window position. A set of nondimensional parameters were identified to describe the important features of the chimney configuration, window configuration, temperature changes, and solar radiation. Regression analysis was employed to develop a mathematical model to predict velocity and air changes per hour, where the model agreed well with CFD results yielding a maximum relative error of 1.2% and with experiments for a maximum error of 3.1%. Additional wall-solar chimney data were tested using the mathematical model based on random conditions (e.g., geometry, solar intensity), and the overall relative error was less than 6%. The study demonstrated that the flow and thermal conditions in larger buildings can be predicted from the small-scale model, and that the newly developed mathematical equation can be used to predict ventilation conditions for a wall-solar chimney.

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