scholarly journals What Can We Learn from the CloudSat Radiometric Mode Observations of Snowfall over the Ice-Free Ocean?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3285
Author(s):  
Alessandro Battaglia ◽  
Giulia Panegrossi
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Snow Density ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Attenuation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Level 2

The quantification of global snowfall by the current observing system remains challenging, with the CloudSat 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) providing the current state-of-the-art snow climatology, especially at high latitudes. This work explores the potential of the novel Level-2 CloudSat 94 GHz Brightness Temperature Product (2B-TB94), developed in recent years by processing the noise floor data contained in the 1B-CPR product; the focus of the study is on the characterization of snow systems over the ice-free ocean, which has well constrained emissivity and backscattering properties. When used in combination with the path integrated attenuation (PIA), the radiometric mode can provide crucial information on the presence/amount of supercooled layers and on the contribution of the ice to the total attenuation. Radiative transfer simulations show that the location of the supercooled layers and the snow density are important factors affecting the warming caused by supercooled emission and the cooling induced by ice scattering. Over the ice-free ocean, the inclusion of the 2B-TB94 observations to the standard CPR observables (reflectivity profile and PIA) is recommended, should more sophisticated attenuation corrections be implemented in the snow CloudSat product to mitigate its well-known underestimation at large snowfall rates. Similar approaches will also be applicable to the upcoming EarthCARE mission. The findings of this paper are relevant for the design of future missions targeting precipitation in the polar regions.

The growing role of structural mass spectrometry in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies

The Analyst ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 2459-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Tian ◽  
Brandon T. Ruotolo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Measurement Science ◽  
Structural Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Mass

The comprehensive structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies is of critical importance for the successful discovery and development of such biopharmaceuticals, yet poses many challenges to modern measurement science. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometry technologies focusing on the characterization of antibody-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Characterization of MIP and MIP functionalized surfaces: Current state-of-the-art

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilke De Middeleer ◽  
Peter Dubruel ◽  
Sarah De Saeger
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State ◽  
Functionalized Surfaces

scholarly journals Exemplification Modeling: Can You Give Me an Example, Please?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Barba ◽  
Luigi Procopio ◽  
Caterina Lacerra ◽  
Tommaso Pasini ◽  
Roberto Navigli
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sense Disambiguation

Recently, generative approaches have been used effectively to provide definitions of words in their context. However, the opposite, i.e., generating a usage example given one or more words along with their definitions, has not yet been investigated. In this work, we introduce the novel task of Exemplification Modeling (ExMod), along with a sequence-to-sequence architecture and a training procedure for it. Starting from a set of (word, definition) pairs, our approach is capable of automatically generating high-quality sentences which express the requested semantics. As a result, we can drive the creation of sense-tagged data which cover the full range of meanings in any inventory of interest, and their interactions within sentences. Human annotators agree that the sentences generated are as fluent and semantically-coherent with the input definitions as the sentences in manually-annotated corpora. Indeed, when employed as training data for Word Sense Disambiguation, our examples enable the current state of the art to be outperformed, and higher results to be achieved than when using gold-standard datasets only. We release the pretrained model, the dataset and the software at https://github.com/SapienzaNLP/exmod.

scholarly journals Non-Symmetric Gyroscope Skewed Pyramids

Aerospace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lewis ◽  
Joshua Ten Eyck ◽  
Kyle Baker ◽  
Eryn Culton ◽  
Jonathan Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Control Moment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Control Moment Gyroscopes ◽  
Continuous Surface ◽  
Significant Attention

The novel contribution in this manuscript is an expansion of the current state-of-the-art in the geometric installation of control moment gyroscopes beyond the benchmark symmetric skewed arrays and the four asymmetric arrays presented in recent literature. The benchmark pyramid symmetrically skewed at 54.73 degrees mandates significant attention to singularity avoidance, escape, and penetration, while the most recent four asymmetric arrays are strictly useful in instances where space is available to mount at least one gyro orthogonal to the others. Skewed arrays of gyros and the research-benchmark are introduced, followed by the present-day box-90 and “roof” configurations, where the roof configuration is the first prevalently used asymmetric geometry. Six other asymmetric options in the most recent literature are introduced, where four of the six options are obviously quite useful. From this inspiration, several dozen discrete options for asymmetric installations are critically evaluated using two figures of merit: maximum momentum (saturation) and maximum singularity-free momentum. Furthermore, continuous surface plots are presented to provide readers with countless (infinite) options for geometric installations. The manuscript firmly establishes many useful options for engineers who learn that the physical space on their spacecraft is insufficient to permit standard installations.

scholarly journals Earth Orientation - The Current and Future Situation

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Dennis D. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
International Earth Rotation Service ◽  
Earth Orientation Parameters ◽  
Earth Orientation ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Future Situation ◽  
Orientation Parameters

Sub-milliarcsecond astrometry often requires an accurate characterization of the orientation of the Earth in a quasi-inertial reference frame. The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) standards provide the current state of the art in the transformation between celestial and terrestrial reference systems. Improvements in the determination of Earth orientation parameters which describe this transformation continue to be made. Current and future capabilities are given.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the future of multi-dimensional platforms

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 72-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino Groeneveld ◽  
Bob W. J. Pirok ◽  
Peter J. Schoenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Resolution Mass

A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.

Characterization of Microlens Structures Fabricated in Cd1-xZnxTe and Cdte/Si IRFPA Substrate Materials

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
P.R. Boyd ◽  
U. Lee ◽  
J. Little ◽  
D. Morton ◽  
A.J. Stoltz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Plane ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Infrared Detector ◽  
Focal Plane Arrays ◽  
Readout Circuit ◽  
Antireflective Coatings ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Current State

The ternary II-VT alloy Hg1-xCdxTe has become the material of choice for many infrared detector applications. Current state of the art Hg1-xCdxTe infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) are constructed as hybrid structures consisting of an epitaxial sensing layer of Hg1-xCdxTe on either a CdTe or Cd1-xZnxTe substrate, hybridized to a silicon readout circuit chip. For backside illuminated structures, like the typical infrared Hg1-xCdxTe detector array, multilayer antireflective coatings (AR) are required on the backside of the detector chip. The next generation of higher performance IRFPAs will be based on high densities of smaller detector pixels fabricated on large area monolithic heteroepitaxial substrate materials. Since the ultimate performance of photovoltaic diodes of this type is determined by the signal to noise ratio of the device, reducing the size of the pixels while lowering the undesirable noise currents in the devices also reduces the amount of signal generated by the diode.

Characterization of human neural differentiation from pluripotent stem cells using proteomics/PTMomics-Current state-of-the-art and challenges

PROTEOMICS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Nunes Melo-Braga ◽  
Morten Meyer ◽  
Xianmin Zeng ◽  
Martin Røssel Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals BSDF Generation Procedures for Daylighting Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Geisler-Moroder ◽  
Eleanor S. Lee ◽  
Gregory Ward ◽  
Bruno Bueno ◽  
Lars O. Grobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Current State

This white paper summarizes the current state of the art in the field of measurement and simulation characterization of daylighting systems by bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) and provides recommendations broken down by classes of systems and use cases.

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