Winter Irrigation Effects on Soil Moisture, Temperature and Salinity, and on Cotton Growth in Salinized Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China

Winter irrigation affected the movement of soil moisture, temperature, and salt, which was an effective improvement measure widely used in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. In this paper, we investigated the effects of different salinized cotton fields (mild salinization (S1), 5.15 g·kg−1; moderate salinization (S2), 8.17 g·kg−1; severe salinization (S3), 11.15 g·kg−1) and different winter irrigation rates (W0, 0 m3·hm-2; W1, 3000 m3·hm-2; W2, 3600 m3·hm-2; W3, 4200 m3·hm-2) on soil moisture, temperature, salinity, and cotton growth in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. The results showed that the winter irrigation affected the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture, temperature, and salinity, and the winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization were significantly correlated with soil moisture, temperature, and salinity (p < 0.01). Winter irrigation stabilized the soil temperature and reduced the freeze–thaw index of the soil. The heat conservation effect of winter irrigation increased with increasing winter irrigation rate and salinization degree, with the greatest effect on the freezing index of S2 and on the thawing index of S3. The soil water content and total salt concentration before spring tillage were significantly correlated with winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization (p < 0.05), and when the winter irrigation quota of different salinized cotton fields was greater than 3600 m3·hm-2, the moisture content of soil layer 0–100cm increased by more than 20%, and the desalination reached over 40%, compared with the values before winter irrigation. Winter irrigation improved the emergence rate and yield of cotton, with the soil salinization degree being significantly negatively correlated and winter irrigation rate significantly positively correlated with the emergence rate and yield of cotton fields in the following year (p < 0.01). Compared with the control treatment without winter irrigation, the average increases in cotton yield were W3 (53.32%) > W2 (45.00%) > W1 (29.36%). There was no significant difference in seedling emergence rate or yield between slightly and moderately salinized cotton fields under high winter irrigation rates (W2 and W3) (p > 0.05), although the seedling emergence rate and yield of severely salinized cotton fields increased significantly with increasing winter irrigation rate. In conclusion, winter irrigation proved to be a valuable treatment for severely salinized cotton fields, and the results of this study allowed us to determine the optimal winter irrigation rate for saline alkali cotton fields.

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Effects of Sand Burial Depth on Xanthium Spinosum Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

10.21203/rs.3.rs-871392/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

yuanyuan Tao ◽

Tian-cui Sang ◽

Jun-jie Yan ◽

Yun-xia Hu ◽

Yu Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Seedling Height ◽

Emergence Time ◽

Deep Soil ◽

Sand Burial ◽

Emergence Rate

Abstract different sand burial depths on seed germination, seedling emergence, growth and biomass allocation were studied to provide a scientific basis for further control of X. spinosum. Six sand burial depths (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm) were established to explore the response of X. spinosum seed germination and seedling growth to sand burial. The first emergence time, peak emergence time, emergence rate, seedling growth height, biomass and biomass distribution of X. spinosum seeds had significant effects at different sand burial depths (P < 0.05). The X. spinosum seeds had the highest emergence rate (71.5%) at 1 cm sand burial and the maximum seedling height (7.1 cm). As sand burial depth increased, the emergence rate and seedling height gradually decreased, and the emergence rate (12.25%) and seedling height (2.9 cm) were lowest at 9 cm sand burial. The root length at 9 cm depth (13.6 cm) was significantly higher than that at other sand depths (P < 0.05). The sand burial depth affected the biomass accumulation and distribution of X. spinosum. As sand burial depth increased, the root biomass and rhizome ratio increased, and the most deeply buried seedlings allocated more biomass for root growth. The optimal sand burial depth for seed germination and seedling growth of X. spinosum was 1–3 cm, and high burial depth (5–9 cm) was not conducive to the germination and growth of X. spinosum seedlings. For prevention and control of X. spinosum, we suggest deeply ploughing crops before sowing to ensure X. spinosum seeds are ploughed into a deep soil layer.

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Soil Moisture but Not Warming Dominates Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Freeze–Thaw Cycles in a Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Alpine Meadow With Discontinuous Permafrost

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.3389/fevo.2021.676027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Zhe Chen ◽

Shidong Ge ◽

Zhenhua Zhang ◽

Yangong Du ◽

Buqing Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Tibetan Plateau ◽

Active Layer ◽

Alpine Meadow ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Discontinuous Permafrost ◽

Significant Difference

Large quantities of organic matter are stored in frozen soils (permafrost) within the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The most of QTP regions in particular have experienced significant warming and wetting over the past 50 years, and this warming trend is projected to intensify in the future. Such climate change will likely alter the soil freeze–thaw pattern in permafrost active layer and toward significant greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) release. However, the interaction effect of warming and altered soil moisture on N2O emission during freezing and thawing is unclear. Here, we used simulation experiments to test how changes in N2O flux relate to different thawing temperatures (T5–5°C, T10–10°C, and T20–20°C) and soil volumetric water contents (VWCs, W15–15%, W30–30%, and W45–45%) under 165 F–T cycles in topsoil (0–20 cm) of an alpine meadow with discontinuous permafrost in the QTP. First, in contrast to the prevailing view, soil moisture but not thawing temperature dominated the large N2O pulses during F–T events. The maximum emissions, 1,123.16–5,849.54 μg m–2 h–1, appeared in the range of soil VWC from 17% to 38%. However, the mean N2O fluxes had no significant difference between different thawing temperatures when soil was dry or waterlogged. Second, in medium soil moisture, low thawing temperature is more able to promote soil N2O emission than high temperature. For example, the peak value (5,849.54 μg m–2 h–1) and cumulative emissions (366.6 mg m–2) of W30T5 treatment were five times and two to four times higher than W30T10 and W30T20, respectively. Third, during long-term freeze–thaw cycles, the patterns of cumulative N2O emissions were related to soil moisture. treatments; on the contrary, the cumulative emissions of W45 treatments slowly increased until more than 80 cycles. Finally, long-term freeze–thaw cycles could improve nitrogen availability, prolong N2O release time, and increase N2O cumulative emission in permafrost active layer. Particularly, the high emission was concentrated in the first 27 and 48 cycles in W15 and W30, respectively. Overall, our study highlighted that large emissions of N2O in F–T events tend to occur in medium moisture soil at lower thawing temperature; the increased number of F–T cycles may enhance N2O emission and nitrogen mineralization in permafrost active layer.

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Suppression of emergence and growth of gorse (Ulex europaeus) seedlings by Fusarium tumidum

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4495 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 12-17

Author(s):

E. Yamoah ◽

E.E. Jones ◽

D.M. Suckling ◽

G.W. Bourd?t ◽

A. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Seedling Emergence ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Wheat Grains ◽

Ulex Europaeus ◽

Significant Difference

The effect of Fusarium tumidum a potential mycoherbicide on gorse seedling emergence and growth was examined in three experiments In Experiment 1 F tumiduminoculated wheat grains (one two or three) were placed close to pregerminated gorse seeds at sowing Shoot and root dry weights of inoculated seedlings were lower than the control treatment at all three inoculum densities but there was no significant difference in percentage emergence In Experiments 2 and 3 two inoculated wheat grains were placed in contact with the seedlings at sowing Less than 50 of inoculated seedlings emerged compared with 97 in the control treatments from both experiments Soon after emergence about onethird of the inoculated seedlings that had emerged died from dampingoff disease caused by F tumidum Shoot and root dry weights of inoculated seedlings were significantly lower than the control treatment The results suggest that F tumidum can suppress gorse seedling emergence and growth

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Osmotic priming of rice seeds subjected to low temperatures

Journal of Seed Science ◽

10.1590/s2317-15372013000200013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 231-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fernanda Reolon Tonel ◽

Patrícia Marini ◽

Juliana de Magalhães Bandeira ◽

Ana Carolina Silveira da Silva ◽

Norton Victor Sampaio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Germination Speed ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Rice Seeds

Aiming at verifying effects of priming on germination and emergence of seeds subjected to low temperatures, rice seeds (cv. IRGA 418) were primed into a KNO3 solution during 24, 48, and 72 h, at 20 °C; and into distilled water, for 24 h (control). Germination (G), first count of germination (FCG), and germination speed index (GSI) were the parameters assessed under temperatures of 17 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C. Besides, field emergence (FE), and emergence speed index (ESI) were also assessed under field conditions. A completely randomized design was used with treatments arranged in 4 x 3 factorial (treatments x temperatures) in all experiments. None statistically significant difference was found for seed germination within the 24 h imbibition period, under any of temperatures assessed; although after 48 and 72 h, at 17 °C, this variable has decreased. When seeds were imbibed in KNO3, during 48 and 72 h, the FCG and GSI were decreased, as compared to 24 h imbibition period, and for control treatment, at 17 °C and 25 ºC. After 24 h imbibition, the FE has not differed statistically from control treatment; as occurred for periods of 24 and 48 h imbibition for the ESI parameter. Priming in KNO3 does not cause beneficial effect on seed germination or on seedling emergence of rice.

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Soil-hydrophysical information support of precise irrigation farming

TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES ◽

10.33952/2542-0720-2021-2-26-244-260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2(26) ◽

pp. 244-260

Author(s):

V.V. Terleev ◽

◽

Ie. A. Dunaieva ◽

R.S. Ginevsky ◽

V.A. Lazarev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Water Retention ◽

Mathematical Formulation ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Water Retention Capacity ◽

Hysteresis Phenomenon ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Irrigation Rate ◽

Relative Hydraulic Conductivity

The relevance of the study is determined by the demand for a physically adequate mathematical description of the interactions of water in the soil to develop a model of soil moisture dynamics as the intellectual core of resource-saving technologies for precise irrigation farming. The aim of the work is theoretical substantiation and mathematical formulation of the hydrophysical functions of the soil, taking into account hysteresis. A description of three systems of soil hydrophysical functions is given. To verify and compare the systems, computational experiments were carried out using both the package of original software and “3305 Ida silt loam (> 15 cm)” soil data from the authoritative literary source – the Mualem catalogue. The parameters of the functions were identified by the method of point approximation of the experimental data on the main branches of the hysteretic water-retention capacity. Using these parameters, we calculated (i) predictive estimates for the values of the function of relative hydraulic conductivity; (ii) scanning branches of the hysteretic water-retention capacity; (iii) precise irrigation rate. The hysteresis phenomenon is not typical for the hydraulic conductivity as a function of the volumetric water content in the soil. The original functions of System 3 are recommended for use. The advantages of the proposed method for calculating the precise irrigation rate are shown. The benefit of each system is that the functions forming this system, namely the water-retention capacity and the relative hydraulic conductivity of the soil, have a common set of parameters. For the type of soil considered, in case of using the identical value of pre-irrigation soil moisture (179 [cm3 · cm-3]), both for calculating the precision irrigation rate and according to the “traditional” method, when moistening 50 cm soil layer, the total unproductive water consumption at irrigation rate 555 [m3 · ha-1] can reach 0.029 [cm3 · cm-3] or 140 [m3 · ha-1] in the calculated layer. At the same time, when applying precision standards, an excess of free moisture is not formed. It shows additional opportunities not only to save water during irrigation, especially in arid regions, but also to reduce the leaching of nutrients and agrochemicals outside the calculated soil layer and, accordingly, to reduce the additional environmental load on the surrounding area.

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Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1398

Author(s):

Tavjot Kaur ◽

Simerpreet Kaur Sehgal ◽

Satnam Singh ◽

Sandeep Sharma ◽

Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Land Use Systems ◽

Post Monsoon ◽

Significant Difference

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.

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Root Response to Soil Water Status via Interaction of Crop Genotype and Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040708 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 708

Author(s):

Phanthasin Khanthavong ◽

Shin Yabuta ◽

Hidetoshi Asai ◽

Md. Amzad Hossain ◽

Isao Akagi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Water ◽

Root Distribution ◽

Water Status ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Crop Adaptation ◽

Soil Moisture Status ◽

Root Distributions

Flooding and drought are major causes of reductions in crop productivity. Root distribution indicates crop adaptation to water stress. Therefore, we aimed to identify crop roots response based on root distribution under various soil conditions. The root distribution of four crops—maize, millet, sorghum, and rice—was evaluated under continuous soil waterlogging (CSW), moderate soil moisture (MSM), and gradual soil drying (GSD) conditions. Roots extended largely to the shallow soil layer in CSW and grew longer to the deeper soil layer in GSD in maize and sorghum. GSD tended to promote the root and shoot biomass across soil moisture status regardless of the crop species. The change of specific root density in rice and millet was small compared with maize and sorghum between different soil moisture statuses. Crop response in shoot and root biomass to various soil moisture status was highest in maize and lowest in rice among the tested crops as per the regression coefficient. Thus, we describe different root distributions associated with crop plasticity, which signify root spread changes, depending on soil water conditions in different crop genotypes as well as root distributions that vary depending on crop adaptation from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

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A Multiscale Soil Moisture and Freeze–Thaw Monitoring Network on the Third Pole

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ◽

10.1175/bams-d-12-00203.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (12) ◽

pp. 1907-1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 142

Author(s):

Kun Yang ◽

Jun Qin ◽

Long Zhao ◽

Yingying Chen ◽

Wenjun Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

The Third

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Aboveground Biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Shrub Effect on Soil Moisture and Nutrient Spatial Distribution in Arid and Semi-Arid Region

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3803 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 3803-3806

Author(s):

Bing Ru Liu ◽

Jun Long Yang

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Desert Plant ◽

Important Species

In order to revel aboveground biomass of R. soongorica shrub effect on soil moisture and nutrients spatial distribution, and explore mechanism of the changes of soil moisture and nutrients, soil moisture content, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) at three soil layers (0-10cm,10-20cm, and 20-40cm) along five plant biomass gradients of R. soongorica were investigated. The results showed that soil moisture content increased with depth under the same plant biomass, and increased with plant biomass. Soil nutrient properties were evidently influenced with plant biomass, while decreased with depth. SOC and TN were highest in the top soil layer (0-10 cm), but TN of 10-20cm layer has no significant differences (P < 0.05). Moreover, soil nutrient contents were accumulated very slowly. These suggests that the requirement to soil organic matter is not so high and could be adapted well to the desert and barren soil, and the desert plant R. soongorica could be acted as an important species to restore vegetation and ameliorate the eco-environment.

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