scholarly journals How Tillage and Fertilization Influence Soil N2O Emissions after Forestland Conversion to Cropland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7947
Author(s):  
Xiao Ren ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Hamidou Bah ◽  
Syed Turab Raza
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Sustainable Development

Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are influenced by land use adjustment and management practices. To meet the increasing socioeconomic development and sustainable demands for food supply, forestland conversion to cropland occurs around the world. However, the effects of forestland conversion to cropland as well as of tillage and fertilization practices on soil N2O emissions are still not well understood, especially in subtropical regions. Therefore, field experiments were carried out to continuously monitor soil N2O emissions after the conversion of forestland to cropland in a subtropical region in Southwest China. One forestland site and four cropland sites were selected: forestland (CK), short-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, NC-TF and NC-T), and long-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, LC-TF and LC-T). The annual cumulative N2O flux was 0.21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in forestland. After forestland conversion to cropland, the annual cumulative N2O flux significantly increased by 76‒491%. In the short-term and long-term croplands, tillage with fertilization induced cumulative soil N2O emissions that were 94% and 235% higher than those from tillage without fertilization. Fertilization contributed 63% and 84% to increased N2O emissions in the short-term and long-term croplands, respectively. A stepwise regression analysis showed that soil N2O emissions from croplands were mainly influenced by soil NO3− and NH4+ availability and WFPS (water-filled pore space). Fertilization led to higher soil NH4+ and NO3− concentrations, which thus resulted in larger N2O fluxes. Thus, to reduce soil N2O emissions and promote the sustainable development of the eco-environment, we recommend limiting the conversion of forestland to cropland, and meanwhile intensifying the shift from grain to green or applying advanced agricultural management practices as much as possible.

scholarly journals Large Variations in N2O Fluxes from Bioenergy Crops According to Management Practices and Crop Type

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Fabien Ferchaud ◽  
Céline Peyrard ◽  
Joël Léonard ◽  
Eric Gréhan ◽  
Bruno Mary
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Temperature Water

Field N2O emissions are a key point in the evaluation of the greenhouse gas benefits of bioenergy crops. The aim of this study was to investigate N2O fluxes from perennial (miscanthus and switchgrass), semi-perennial (fescue and alfalfa) and annual (sorghum and triticale) bioenergy crops and to analyze the effect of the management of perennials (nitrogen fertilization and/or harvest date). Daily N2O emissions were measured quasi-continuously during at least two years in a long-term experiment, using automated chambers, with 2–5 treatments monitored simultaneously. Cumulative N2O emissions from perennials were strongly affected by management practices: fertilized miscanthus harvested early and unfertilized miscanthus harvested late had systematically much lower emissions than fertilized miscanthus harvested late (50, 160 and 1470 g N2O-N ha−1 year−1, respectively). Fertilized perennials often had similar or higher cumulative emissions than semi-perennial or annual crops. Fluxes from perennial and semi-perennial crops were characterized by long periods with low emissions interspersed with short periods with high emissions. Temperature, water-filled pore space and soil nitrates affected daily emissions but their influence varied between crop types. This study shows the complex interaction between crop type, crop management and climate, which results in large variations in N2O fluxes for a given site.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of the Ecological Forest Rangers Policy in Southwest China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Yifan Wang ◽  
Dengju Wang ◽  
Rong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forest Protection

To achieve the dual goal of poverty alleviation and ecological restoration, the policy of ecological forest rangers (EFRs) was implemented in rural poverty-stricken areas in China, where local residents commonly depend on nearby forest resources for livelihoods. This study aimed to analyze the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the EFRs policy in China mainly in poverty alleviation and income growth, with a brief discussion on the ecological effect of the policy. A questionnaire survey was conducted in four counties in the Karst rocky desertification region in southwest China. By combing through the early literature on REDD+, community forestry, leasehold forestry, etc., this paper summarizes the experience and lessons of similar community forest management models, aiming to explain the unsustainability of EFRs policy from the perspective of forest tenure and governance. The findings of the effectiveness analysis of EFRs policy in the four poverty-stricken counties reflect different degrees of effect in rural households with different income levels. We believe that the EFRs policy has played important roles in short-term regional poverty alleviation while its potential for long-term income growth has not been stimulated. For the amendment of EFRs policy, we put forward the following points: (1) It is necessary to redesign the selection and recruitment mechanism, as well as the exit mechanism of EFRs adapting to the local conditions. (2) It is advisable to further improve the local assessment and monitoring system of forest protection quality of EFRs and optimize the establishment of benefit linkage mechanism between protection effectiveness and EFRs remuneration. (3) The EFRs remuneration standards should be dynamically raised to assure the active participation of EFRs in forest protection. Furthermore, there is a need for one more effective integration model of forest protection and rural livelihoods improvement, which is considered as a potential future research direction.

scholarly journals Effects of Management and Hillside Position on Soil Organic Carbon Stratification in Mediterranean Centenary Olive Grove

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Jesús Aguilera-Huertas ◽  
Beatriz Lozano-García ◽  
Manuel González-Rosado ◽  
Luis Parras-Alcántara
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degradation Degree

The short- and medium—long-term effects of management and hillside position on soil organic carbon (SOC) changes were studied in a centenary Mediterranean rainfed olive grove. One way to measure these changes is to analyze the soil quality, as it assesses soil degradation degree and attempts to identify management practices for sustainable soil use. In this context, the SOC stratification index (SR-COS) is one of the best indicators of soil quality to assess the degradation degree from SOC content without analyzing other soil properties. The SR-SOC was calculated in soil profiles (horizon-by-horizon) to identify the best soil management practices for sustainable use. The following time periods and soil management combinations were tested: (i) in the medium‒long-term (17 years) from conventional tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT), (ii) in the short-term (2 years) from CT to no-tillage with cover crops (NT-CC), and (iii) the effect in the short-term (from CT to NT-CC) of different topographic positions along a hillside. The results indicate that the SR-SOC increased with depth for all management practices. The SR-SOC ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in CT0, from 1.48 to 3.01 in CT1, from 1.15 to 2.48 in CT2, from 1.22 to 2.39 in NT-CC and from 0.98 to 4.16 in NT; therefore, the soil quality from the SR-SOC index was not directly linked to the increase or loss of SOC along the soil profile. This demonstrates the time-variability of SR-SOC and that NT improves soil quality in the long-term.

scholarly journals Soil carbon release responses to long-term versus short-term climatic warming in an arid ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Yu ◽  
Zhenzhu Xu ◽  
Guangsheng Zhou ◽  
Yao Shou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Desert Steppes ◽  
Carbon Release

Abstract. Climate change severely impacts grassland carbon cycling, especially in arid ecosystems, such as desert steppes. However, little is known about the responses of soil respiration (Rs) to different warming magnitudes and watering pulses in situ in desert steppes. To examine their effects on Rs, we conducted long-term moderate warming, short-term acute warming and watering field experiments in a desert grassland of Northern China. While experimental warming significantly reduced Rs by 32.5 % and 40.8 % under long-term and moderate and short-term and acute warming regimes, respectively, watering pulses stimulated it substantially. Warming did not change the exponential relationship between Rs and soil temperature, whereas the relationship of Rs with soil water content (SWC) was well fitted to the Gompertz function. The soil features were not significantly affected by either long-term or short-term warming regimes, respectively; however, soil organic carbon content tended to decrease with long-term climatic warming. This indicates that soil carbon release responses strongly depend on the duration and magnitude of climatic warming, which may be driven by SWC and soil temperature. The results of this study highlight the great dependence of soil carbon emission on warming regimes of different durations and the important role of precipitation pulse during growing season in assessing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance and cycle.

Within-Person Variability in Performance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirali Minbashian
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Variability

Understanding individual performance at work is an important element in developing effective talent-management systems. Although research on individual performance has largely addressed between-person differences in performance, more recently, focus has been on within-person variability in performance. This chapter reviews the literature on within-person variability. A model of individual performance is presented that incorporates short-term and long-term within-person performance variability and individual differences. The benefits of the model as a framework for explaining individual performance are outlined, as are its implications for the conceptualization of talent and the development of talent-management systems. Specific talent-management practices with respect to employee assessment and employee motivation are discussed.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Knowledge-Based Network Structure Hole on Enterprise Innovation Performance: The Threshold Effect of R&D Investment Intensity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6155
Author(s):  
Jiajia Hao ◽  
Chunling Li ◽  
Runsen Yuan ◽  
Masood Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
D Investment ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of innovation is to consume fewer natural resources in order to create sustainable performance; therefore, innovation can ease the pressure of the ecological load and promote the sustainable development of the economy. Taking the 269 enterprises listed on the main board of the electronic information industry from 2010 to 2019 as samples, using the threshold panel data model, the nonlinear relationship between the knowledge-based network structure hole and the short-term and long-term innovation performance of the enterprises were studied, and the threshold effect of R&D investment intensity was discussed. When the R&D investment intensity is from 1.96% to 15.96%, the knowledge-based network structure hole has a significant positive impact on short-term innovation performance. When the R&D investment intensity is from 5.72% to 10.64%, the knowledge-based network structure hole has a significant positive effect on long-term innovation performance. Lower R&D investment intensity can make the knowledge-based network structure hole promote the increase of short term innovation performance, but to make the knowledge-based network structure hole have a positive impact on long term innovation performance, the R&D investment intensity should be increased by more than 5.72%. When R&D investment intensity is not higher than 15.96%, the knowledge-based network structure hole has a significant positive impact on short term innovation performance, but to make the knowledge-based network structure hole maintain the positive effect on long term innovation performance, R&D investment intensity should not exceed 10.64%. Therefore, enterprises should be guided to optimize the knowledge-based network structure according to the R&D investment intensity in order to improve the short term and long-term innovation performance of an enterprise. These research results can help enterprises to save resources and promote the sustainable development of the economy.

scholarly journals Soil carbon release responses to long-term versus short-term climatic warming in an arid ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Yu ◽  
Zhenzhu Xu ◽  
Guangsheng Zhou ◽  
Yaohui Shi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sigmoid Function ◽  
Desert Grassland ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Carbon Release

Abstract. Climate change severely impacts the grassland carbon cycling by altering rates of litter decomposition and soil respiration (Rs), especially in arid areas. However, little is known about the Rs responses to different warming magnitudes and watering pulses in situ in desert steppes. To examine their effects on Rs, we conducted long-term moderate warming (4 years, ∼3 ∘C), short-term acute warming (1 year, ∼4 ∘C) and watering field experiments in a desert grassland of northern China. While experimental warming significantly reduced average Rs by 32.5 % and 40.8 % under long-term moderate and short-term acute warming regimes, respectively, watering pulses (fully irrigating the soil to field capacity) stimulated it substantially. This indicates that climatic warming constrains soil carbon release, which is controlled mainly by decreased soil moisture, consequently influencing soil carbon dynamics. Warming did not change the exponential relationship between Rs and soil temperature, whereas the relationship between Rs and soil moisture was better fitted to a sigmoid function. The belowground biomass, soil nutrition, and microbial biomass were not significantly affected by either long-term or short-term warming regimes, respectively. The results of this study highlight the great dependence of soil carbon emission on warming regimes of different durations and the important role of precipitation pulses during the growing season in assessing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance and cycle.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. James Squires ◽  
Christine Bone ◽  
Jocelyn Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.

Management Practices of Miscanthus × giganteus Strongly Influence Soil Properties and N2O Emissions Over the Long Term

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Peyrard ◽  
Fabien Ferchaud ◽  
Bruno Mary ◽  
Eric Gréhan ◽  
Joël Léonard
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus
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