scholarly journals Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. James Squires ◽  
Christine Bone ◽  
Jocelyn Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.

scholarly journals Effects of Management and Hillside Position on Soil Organic Carbon Stratification in Mediterranean Centenary Olive Grove

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Jesús Aguilera-Huertas ◽  
Beatriz Lozano-García ◽  
Manuel González-Rosado ◽  
Luis Parras-Alcántara
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degradation Degree

The short- and medium—long-term effects of management and hillside position on soil organic carbon (SOC) changes were studied in a centenary Mediterranean rainfed olive grove. One way to measure these changes is to analyze the soil quality, as it assesses soil degradation degree and attempts to identify management practices for sustainable soil use. In this context, the SOC stratification index (SR-COS) is one of the best indicators of soil quality to assess the degradation degree from SOC content without analyzing other soil properties. The SR-SOC was calculated in soil profiles (horizon-by-horizon) to identify the best soil management practices for sustainable use. The following time periods and soil management combinations were tested: (i) in the medium‒long-term (17 years) from conventional tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT), (ii) in the short-term (2 years) from CT to no-tillage with cover crops (NT-CC), and (iii) the effect in the short-term (from CT to NT-CC) of different topographic positions along a hillside. The results indicate that the SR-SOC increased with depth for all management practices. The SR-SOC ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in CT0, from 1.48 to 3.01 in CT1, from 1.15 to 2.48 in CT2, from 1.22 to 2.39 in NT-CC and from 0.98 to 4.16 in NT; therefore, the soil quality from the SR-SOC index was not directly linked to the increase or loss of SOC along the soil profile. This demonstrates the time-variability of SR-SOC and that NT improves soil quality in the long-term.

Within-Person Variability in Performance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirali Minbashian
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Variability

Understanding individual performance at work is an important element in developing effective talent-management systems. Although research on individual performance has largely addressed between-person differences in performance, more recently, focus has been on within-person variability in performance. This chapter reviews the literature on within-person variability. A model of individual performance is presented that incorporates short-term and long-term within-person performance variability and individual differences. The benefits of the model as a framework for explaining individual performance are outlined, as are its implications for the conceptualization of talent and the development of talent-management systems. Specific talent-management practices with respect to employee assessment and employee motivation are discussed.

scholarly journals Hyper-Nutrient Enrichment Status in the Sabalan Lake, Iran

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2874
Author(s):  
Roohollah Noori ◽  
Elmira Ansari ◽  
Yong-Wook Jeong ◽  
Saber Aradpour ◽  
Mohsen Maghrebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
P Deficiency

Lakes/reservoirs are rapidly deteriorating from cultural eutrophication due to anthropogenic factors. In this study, we aimed to (1) explore nutrient levels in the Sabalan dam reservoir (SDR) of northwest Iran, (2) determine the reservoir water fertility using the total phosphorus (TP)based and total nitrogen (TN)based Carlson trophic state indices, and (3) specify primary limiting factors for the reservoir eutrophication. Our field observations showed a state of hyper-nutrient enrichment in the SDR. The highest variation of TN in the reservoir water column happened when the reservoir was severely stratified (in August) while the highest variation of TP took place when the thermocline was attenuated with the deepening of the epilimnion (in October). Both TP and TN based trophic indicators classified the SDR as a hypereutrophic lake. TN:TP molar ratio averaged at the epilimnion indicated a P–deficiency in the reservoir during warm months whilst it suggested a co–deficiency of P and N in cold months. Given the hyper-nutrient enrichment state in the reservoir, other drivers such as water residence time (WRT) can also act as the main contributor of eutrophication in the SDR. We found that WRT in the SDR varied from hundreds to thousands of days, which was much longer than that of other reservoirs/lakes with the same and even much greater storage capacity. Therefore, both hyper-nutrient enrichment and WRT mainly controlled eutrophication in the reservoir. Given time consuming and expensive management practices for reducing nutrients in the watershed, changes in the SDR operation are suggested to somewhat recover its hypereutrophic state in the short-term. However, strategic long-term recovery plans are required to reduce the transition of nutrients from the watershed to the SDR.

scholarly journals Lean Management Practices’ Effects on Brazilian Firms: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-108
Author(s):  
Filipe Lage de Sousa ◽  
Mauricio Canêdo-Pinheiro ◽  
Bernardo Pereira Cabral ◽  
Glaucia Estefânia de Sousa Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lean Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Outcomes

One of the key drivers for a firm's productivity growth is management. One lean management practice considered cost-effective is Kaizen. Originally from Japan, the Kaizen basic concept is continuous improvement with the involvement of the full workforce. Using a firm-level dataset from Brazil's innovation and manufacturing surveys, this paper evaluates quantitatively whether Kaizen has impacted the performance of domestic firms. Our initial results suggest a productivity premium on Kaizen adopters, yet when it materializes is not detectable in the short term. Moreover, the impact on innovation is observable after Kaizen implementation. Understanding these outcomes with a qualitative approach, our analysis highlights the importance of Kaizen on innovation, especially by improving worker's time at the production line as well as the long-term vision of Kaizen on productivity. In summary, Kaizen is not a magic wand that improves firms’ performance in a wide array of indicators yet it may boost innovation outcomes in the short term aiming to improve productivity in the long term if it is implemented carefully and persistently, as established by its basic principles.

scholarly journals How Tillage and Fertilization Influence Soil N2O Emissions after Forestland Conversion to Cropland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7947
Author(s):  
Xiao Ren ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Hamidou Bah ◽  
Syed Turab Raza
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Sustainable Development

Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are influenced by land use adjustment and management practices. To meet the increasing socioeconomic development and sustainable demands for food supply, forestland conversion to cropland occurs around the world. However, the effects of forestland conversion to cropland as well as of tillage and fertilization practices on soil N2O emissions are still not well understood, especially in subtropical regions. Therefore, field experiments were carried out to continuously monitor soil N2O emissions after the conversion of forestland to cropland in a subtropical region in Southwest China. One forestland site and four cropland sites were selected: forestland (CK), short-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, NC-TF and NC-T), and long-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, LC-TF and LC-T). The annual cumulative N2O flux was 0.21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in forestland. After forestland conversion to cropland, the annual cumulative N2O flux significantly increased by 76‒491%. In the short-term and long-term croplands, tillage with fertilization induced cumulative soil N2O emissions that were 94% and 235% higher than those from tillage without fertilization. Fertilization contributed 63% and 84% to increased N2O emissions in the short-term and long-term croplands, respectively. A stepwise regression analysis showed that soil N2O emissions from croplands were mainly influenced by soil NO3− and NH4+ availability and WFPS (water-filled pore space). Fertilization led to higher soil NH4+ and NO3− concentrations, which thus resulted in larger N2O fluxes. Thus, to reduce soil N2O emissions and promote the sustainable development of the eco-environment, we recommend limiting the conversion of forestland to cropland, and meanwhile intensifying the shift from grain to green or applying advanced agricultural management practices as much as possible.

Forest health in boreal ecosystems of Alaska

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Boreal Ecosystems ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Management

Deteriorating forest health is causing unprecedented damage to the boreal forests of Alaska. Forest health is a complex issue that must be addressed within the context of ecosystem management and the goal of managing ecosystems for long-term productivity and maintaining ecosystems that will sustain biodiversity and provide desired values, products and uses. Instead of treating symptoms, forests must be managed to be more resistant to pest outbreaks through proper ecosystem management. Forest health can be addressed through short-term tactical approaches and long-term strategies. Management practices must match the ecological capabilities of each site in order to create and maintain healthy forests. This is the focus of ecosystem management. Key words: forest health, boreal forest, ecosystem management

scholarly journals Rebuilding depleted fisheries towards BMSY under uncertainty: harvest control rules outperform combined management measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Sun ◽  
Yunzhou Li ◽  
Yiping Ren ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Strategy Evaluation ◽  
Harvest Control Rules

Abstract Rebuilding depleted fisheries towards sustainable levels, such as BMSY, is challenging under uncertainty. Although a substantial amount of research has highlighted the importance of accounting for uncertainty in fisheries management, tactical measures remain to be identified. We consider two approaches to achieve this goal: (i) the naive maximum sustainable yield (MSY) approach, combining management measures based on effort control, catch quotas, and spatial–temporal closures, and (ii) the harvest control rules (HCRs) approach, developing HCRs based on short-term or long-term targets. A suite of strategies is developed accordingly and tested with management strategy evaluation for their performance under four sources of uncertainty that may negatively impact management effects, including reduced recruitment strength, increased natural mortality, inadequate implementation error, and varying levels of temporal effort aggregation. Combining management measures using the naive MSY approach is found to perform poorly in tackling uncertainty. Complex HCRs that account for both short-term and long-term BMSY targets can mitigate the adverse effects of uncertainty. The rebuilding target can be only achieved by compromising yield, especially when uncertainties with natural mortality and recruitment are present. Strategies based on catch quotas are prone to all sources of uncertainty, indicating latent risks in many current management practices.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding opioid use in the pediatric emergency department

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e10-e10
Author(s):  
Megan Fowler ◽  
Samina Ali ◽  
Serge Gouin ◽  
Amy Drendel ◽  
Naveen Poonai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Subspecialty Training ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Opioid Crisis

Abstract BACKGROUND Inadequate pain management in children is ubiquitous in the emergency department (ED). Inadequate pain management in children can have both short and long term detrimental effects. As the current national opioid crisis has highlighted, physicians are caught between balancing pain management and the risk of long term opioid dependence. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe paediatric emergency physicians’ (PEPs) willingness to prescribe opioids to children in the ED and at discharge, perceived knowledge regarding common fears and myths about opioid use, management approach to hypothetical scenarios of varying musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I) pain in children, and perceived facilitators and barriers to prescribing opioids. DESIGN/METHODS A unique survey tool was created using published methodology guidelines. Information regarding practices, knowledge, attitudes, perceived barriers, facilitators and demographics were collected. The survey was distributed to all physician members of Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC), using a modified Dillman’s Tailored Design method, from October to December 2017. RESULTS The response rate was 49.7% (124/242); 53% (57/107) were female, mean age was 43.6 years (+/- 8.7), and 58% (72/124) had paediatric emergency subspecialty training. The most common first line pain medication in the ED was ibuprofen for mild, moderate and severe MSK-I related pain (94.4% (117/124), 89.5% (111/124), and 62.9% (78/124), respectively). For moderate and severe MSK-I pain, intranasal fentanyl was the most common opioid for first (35.5% (44/124) and 61.3% (76/124), respectively) and second line pain management (41.1% (51/124) and 20.2% (25/124), respectively). 74.8% (89/119) of PEPs reported that an opioid protocol would be helpful, specifically for morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone. Using a 0–100 scale, physicians minimally worried about physical dependence (13.3 +/-19.3), addiction (16.6 +/-19.8), and diversion of opioids (32.8+/-26.4) when prescribing short-term opioids to children. They reported that the current opioid crisis minimally influenced their willingness to prescribe opioids (30.0 +/-26.2). Physicians reported rarely (36%; 45/125) or never (28%; 35/125) completing a screening risk assessment prior to prescribing opioids. CONCLUSION Intranasal fentanyl was the top opioid for all MSK-I pain intensities. PEPs are minimally concerned regarding dependence, addiction, and the current opioid crisis when prescribing short-term opioids to children. There is an urgent need for evidence regarding the dependence and addiction risk for children receiving short term opioids in order to create knowledge translation tools for ED physicians. Opioid specific protocols in the ED would likely improve physician comfort in responsible and adequate pain management for children.

scholarly journals “Working Against Gravity”: The Uphill Task of Overcapacity Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863292092998
Author(s):  
Sara A Kreindler ◽  
Noah Star ◽  
Stephanie Hastings ◽  
Shannon Winters ◽  
Keir Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Patient Flow ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Inpatient Units

While most health systems have implemented interventions to manage situations in which patient demand exceeds capacity, little is known about the long-term sustainability or effectiveness of such interventions. A large multi-jurisdictional study on patient flow in Western Canada provided the opportunity to explore experiences with overcapacity management strategies across 10 diverse health regions. Four categories of interventions were employed by all or most regions: overcapacity protocols, alternative locations for emergency patients, locations for discharge-ready inpatients, and meetings to guide redistribution of patients. Two mechanisms undergirded successful interventions: providing a capacity buffer and promoting action by inpatient units by increasing staff accountability and/or solidarity. Participants reported that interventions demanded significant time and resources and the ongoing active involvement of middle and senior management. Furthermore, although most participants characterized overcapacity management practices as effective, this effectiveness was almost universally experienced as temporary. Many regions described a context of chronic overcapacity, which persisted despite continued intervention. Processes designed to manage short-term surges in demand cannot rectify a long-term mismatch between capacity and demand; solutions at the level of system redesign are needed.

scholarly journals Sheep and Goat Production in Hot Climates

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Technological Improvements

This paper discusses the reasons for keeping small ruminants and investigates the areas in which technological improvements are likely to have most impact in increasing the output from sheep and goat enterprises in hot climates. The most important areas in which biological manipulation can raise productivity lie in the areas of improved nutrition and increased survival of young animals. Nutritional studies of animals receiving diets of natural tropical grazing and browse may not reflect the rations actually consumed due to the ability of animals to select high quality forage from what is on offer. One suggestion is made as to how this selection can be exploited to increase the productivity of the herd as a whole. Improved health care offers the largest potential for increases in productivity by reducing the large mortality of young animals seen in many tropical production schemes. Much of this mortality has its roots in parasite infection. Anthelmatics have proved valuable for short term therapy but the speed at which parasites become resistant to drugs indicates that selective breeding of animals with resistance to parasites is a more valuable long term solution.

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