Potential and Future Prospects of Geothermal Energy in Space Conditioning of Buildings: India and Worldwide Review

This paper presents modern trends in geothermal energy utilization, mainly focusing on ground source heat (GSH) pumps for space conditioning in buildings. This paper focuses on India along with a general review of studies around the world. Space conditioning of a building contributes to about 40–50% of the total energy consumed in buildings and has an adverse impact on the environment and human health. The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) estimates that the demand for electricity for heating and cooling of buildings will increase by over 700% in India at current levels by 2047 with an additional 800 GW of power generation capacity needed just to meet heating and cooling needs by 2050, of which about 70% is required for the residential sector only. It further intensifies as the demand for peak electric load sharply increases in summer because of the extensive use of building air conditioning systems. Researchers across the globe have tried different cooling systems and found that some systems can offer a certain amount of energy-efficient performance, and also occupant comfort. Therefore, this article examines the geothermal potential in buildings for space conditioning by critically reviewing experimental and numerical studies along with the future prospects of GSH pumps.

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BUILDINGS DESIGN INTEGRATION WITH GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES AND AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS

Journal of Art & Architecture Research Studies - JAARS ◽

10.47436/jaarsfa.v1i2.80 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abeer Osama Radwan

Keyword(s):

Geothermal Energy ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Energy System ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽

Human Thermal Comfort ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Ground Source ◽

Modern Cities ◽

Design Integration

Nowadays global warming and thermal islands in modern cities are spending much energy on heating and cooling spaces. Geothermal energy considered a renewable energy technology for space heating and cooling. The ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are increasingly interested in their expressive potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption and hence reduce greenhouse gases. Geothermal energy used for both electricity generation and direct use, depending on the temperature and the chemistry of the resources. Recently, direct utilization has varied significantly, and there are several methods available for temperatures typically ranging from 4°C up to 80°C. (Lund J.W., 2012). This paper presents a comprehensive literature-based review of ground source heat pump technology, cooling, and heating applications buildings to achieve precisely human thermal comfort. Subsequently, propose the influence factors of the system components that would undoubtedly reflect on the optimal design of the building. As a result, achieve precisely an integrated building.

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Modeling Neighborhood-Scale Shallow Geothermal Energy Utilization - A Case Study in Berlin

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10082 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuang Chen ◽

Jakob Randow ◽

Katrin Lubashevsky ◽

Steve Thiel ◽

Tom Reinhardt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geothermal Energy ◽

Model Comparison ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Fluid Temperature ◽

Load Curve ◽

Geothermal Heat ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Shallow Geothermal Energy ◽

Neighborhood Scale ◽

Set Up

<p>Nowadays, utilizing shallow geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings has received increased interest in the energy market. Among different technologies, large borehole heat exchanger (BHE) arrays are widely employed to supply heat to various types of buildings and districts. Recently, a 16-BHE array was constructed to extract shallow geothermal energy to provide heat to the newly-developed public building in Berlin. According to the previous geological survey, different non-homogeneous sedimentary layers exist in the subsurface, with variating groundwater permeabilities and thermal parameters. To estimate the performance of the BHE array system, and its sensitivity to different subsurface conditions, as well as to determine its thermal impact to the surrounding area, a comprehensive 3D numerical model has been set up according to the Berlin BHE array project. The model is simulated for 25 years with two finite element simulators, the open source code software OpenGeoSys (OGS) and the well-known commercial software FEFLOW. In the model, an annual thermal load curve is assigned to each BHE according to the real monthly heating demand. Although the way of the implementing parameters in the two programs differs from each other and some assumptions had to be made in the model comparison, the comparison result shows that both OpenGeoSys and FEFLOW produce in good agreement. Different parameters, e.g. the Darcy velocity, the thermal dispersivity of the aquifer, the surface temperature and the geothermal heat flux are investigated with respect to their impact on the underground and BHE circulation temperature. At last, the computed underground temperature and the brine fluid temperature evolution from OGS is benchmarked with the results from the model simulated in FEFLOW. The numerical experiments show that the the ground water field has the strongest influence on the brine fluid temperature within the BHEs. When the thermal dispersivity of the aquifer is considered, the mixing effect in the aquifer leads to a higher brine fluid temperature in the BHE, indicating a better thermal recharge of the system.</p>

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Geothermal energy: shallow sources

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ◽

10.1071/rs14025 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 126 (2) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Ian Johnston

Keyword(s):

Heat Pump ◽

Geothermal Energy ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Cooling Mode ◽

Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Ground Source ◽

Heating Mode ◽

To Receive ◽

Ground Energy

Below a depth of around 5 to 8 metres below the surface, the ground displays a temperature which is effectively constant and a degree or two above the weighted mean annual air temperature at that particular location. In Melbourne, the ground temperature at this depth is around 18°C with temperatures at shallower depths varying according the season. Further north, these constant temperatures increase a little; while for more southern latitudes, the temperatures are a few degrees cooler. Shallow source geothermal energy (also referred to as direct geothermal energy, ground energy using ground source heat pumps and geoexchange) uses the ground and its temperatures to depths of a few tens of metres as a heat source in winter and a heat sink in summer for heating and cooling buildings. Fluid (usually water) is circulated through a ground heat exchanger (or GHE, which comprises pipes built into building foundations, or in specifically drilled boreholes or trenches), and back to the surface. In heating mode, heat contained in the circulating fluid is extracted by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) and used to heat the building. The cooled fluid is reinjected into the ground loops to heat up again to complete the cycle. In cooling mode, the system is reversed with heat taken out of the building transferred to the fluid which is injected underground to dump the extra heat to the ground. The cooled fluid then returns to the heat pump to receive more heat from the building.

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Evaluation of the Shallow Geothermal Potential for Heating and Cooling and Its Integration in the Socioeconomic Environment: A Case Study in the Region of Murcia, Spain

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14185740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 5740

Author(s):

Adela Ramos-Escudero ◽

M. Socorro García-Cascales ◽

Javier F. Urchueguía

Keyword(s):

Specific Heat ◽

Geothermal Energy ◽

Water Saturation ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Heat Extraction ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Ground Source ◽

Shallow Geothermal Energy ◽

The Cost

In order to boost the use of shallow geothermal energy, reliable and sound information concerning its potential must be provided to the public and energy decision-makers, among others. To this end, we developed a GIS-based methodology that allowed us to estimate the resource, energy, economic and environmental potential of shallow geothermal energy at a regional scale. Our method focuses on closed-loop borehole heat exchanger systems, which are by far the systems that are most utilized for heating and cooling purposes, and whose energy demands are similar throughout the year in the study area applied. The resource was assessed based on the thermal properties from the surface to a depth of 100 m, considering the water saturation grade of the materials. Additionally, climate and building characteristics data were also used as the main input. The G.POT method was used for assessing the annual shallow geothermal resource and for the specific heat extraction (sHe) rate estimation for both heating and, for the first time, for cooling. The method was applied to the Region of Murcia (Spain) and thematic maps were created with the outputting results. They offer insight toward the thermal energy that can be extracted for both heating and cooling in (MWh/year) and (W/m); the technical potential, making a distinction over the climate zones in the region; the cost of the possible ground source heat pump (GSHP) installation, associated payback period and the cost of producing the shallow geothermal energy; and, finally, the GHG emissions savings derived from its usage. The model also output the specific heat extraction rates, which are compared to those from the VDI 4640, which prove to be slightly higher than the previous one.

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Shallow geothermal energy in Denmark

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin ◽

10.34194/geusb.v26.4746 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 37-40

Author(s):

Thomas Vangkilde-Pedersen ◽

Claus Ditlefsen ◽

Anker Lajer Højberg

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Geothermal Energy ◽

Best Practice ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Energy Systems ◽

Know How ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Ground Source ◽

Shallow Geothermal Energy

The use of shallow geothermal energy instead of fossil fuels can lead to substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. However, the use of shallow geothermal energy in Denmark is limited compared to, e.g. Sweden and Germany and we still lack know-how and experience with its use in Denmark. In co-operation with research and industry partners, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland is conducting a three-year project GeoEnergy, Tools for ground-source heating and cooling based on closed-loop boreholes (www.geoenergi.org). The objective of the project is to acquire knowledge and develop tools and best practice for the design and installation of shallow geothermal energy systems.

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Hydro Geothermal Energy Possibilities, Exploration and Future Prospects in Dukaghini Basin, Kosovo

10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.143 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Atifete Zuna

Keyword(s):

Geothermal Energy ◽

Future Prospects

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Sustainable Modularity Approach to Facilities Development Based on Geothermal Energy Potential

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062691 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2691

Author(s):

Nataša Ćuković Ignjatović ◽

Ana Vranješ ◽

Dušan Ignjatović ◽

Dejan Milenić ◽

Olivera Krunić

Keyword(s):

Geothermal Energy ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Pannonian Basin ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Southeastern Part ◽

Geothermal Resources ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Different Temperatures

The study presented in this paper assessed the multidisciplinary approach of geothermal potential in the area of the most southeastern part of the Pannonian basin, focused on resources utilization. This study aims to present a method for the cascade use of geothermal energy as a source of thermal energy for space heating and cooling and as a resource for balneological purposes. Two particular sites were selected—one in a natural environment; the other within a small settlement. Geothermal resources come from different types of reservoirs having different temperatures and chemical compositions. At the first site, a geothermal spring with a temperature of 20.5 °C is considered for heat pump utilization, while at the second site, a geothermal well with a temperature of 54 °C is suitable for direct use. The calculated thermal power, which can be obtained from geothermal energy is in the range of 300 to 950 kW. The development concept was proposed with an architectural design to enable sustainable energy efficient development of wellness and spa/medical facilities that can be supported by local authorities. The resulting energy heating needs for different scenarios were 16–105 kW, which can be met in full by the use of geothermal energy.

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