scholarly journals Physical Properties of Chocolates Enriched with Untreated Cocoa Bean Shells and Cocoa Bean Shells Treated with High-Voltage Electrical Discharge

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2620
Author(s):  
Veronika Barišić ◽  
Jovana Petrović ◽  
Ivana Lončarević ◽  
Ivana Flanjak ◽  
Drago Šubarić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

Recently, the enrichment of chocolate has become a very interesting topic, along with the management of food industry by-products, such as cocoa shells. Cocoa shells could be a great raw material for the cocoa industry, both for economical reasons (maximized utilization of cocoa beans) and for their functional properties (increased fiber content). In this research, we used untreated and high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED)-treated cocoa shells in the production of chocolate. Different proportions of cocoa mass were replaced with cocoa shells to produce dark and milk chocolates in a ball mill. Additionally, dark chocolate with 15% and milk chocolate with 5% of shells were chosen for further research and to study the alteration of the composition. The rheology, particle size distribution, hardness, and color were determined for all the prepared samples. Treated cocoa shells provided chocolates with inferior physical properties compared to chocolates with untreated shells. Therefore, untreated cocoa shells were selected for further analysis. The addition of both treated and untreated cocoa shells resulted in softening and darkening of samples, which could have a positive effect for consumers. On the other hand, the particle size distribution and rheology were negatively affected. Further research is needed to find a solution for these problems.

Physical Characterization of Ukpor and Ahoko Clay Deposits for use as Industrial Raw Material

2007 ◽  
Vol 18-19 ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
E.J. Eterigho ◽  
M.A. Olutoye
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Deposits

The physical properties of some Nigerian clays were studied in order to determine their suitability for a variety of industrial applications. From the analysis, the specific gravity of Ukpor and Ahoko clays were 1.89 and 2.26 respectively and the Plasticity Index 26.05% and 22.45%, drying shrinkage was 18.90% and 8.2% and particle size distribution showed that the samples are clays. The results show that the physical properties of the clays are within the specifications for kaolin clays and are suitable for industrial uses.

scholarly journals Study on Particle Size Distribution of Debris in Electrical Discharge Machining of Deep Narrow Slots

Procedia CIRP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 476-481
Author(s):  
Rui-Xue Zhang ◽  
Mo Chen ◽  
Xue-Cheng Xi ◽  
Xiao-Shen Yan ◽  
Wan-Sheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining

Concentration of TiOSO4 on Rutile White via Short Sulfate Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 968 ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Xue Tian
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Sulfate Process ◽  
Favorable Structure

Short sulfate process was developed to produce rutile TiO2 white pigment by using low concentration industrial TiOSO4 solution as raw material via self-generated seeded thermal hydrolysis route. The concentration of TiOSO4 solution had significantly influenced the structure and pigment properties of rutile TiO2 white pigment. The samples were characterized by XRD, particle size distribution and pigment properties test. Appropriate concentration of TiOSO4 was beneficial to promoting hydrolysis process in a proper way and obtaining favorable structure and high quality white pigment. The optimized concentration of TiOSO4 solution was of 191.20 g/L.

The influence of particle size distribution on soil physical properties

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Towner
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saturated Soils ◽  
Fine Silt ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Field Behaviour

SummaryBatcombe series soils readily break down to good tilths, Beccles series soils form cloddy seed beds that are resistant to weathering, and Stackyard series soils form unstable tilths that readily break down. The soils differ in their particle-size distribution. The proposition that such differences contributed to the differences in field behaviour was examined by forming artificial soils, each of which was made up from particles of one of the soils, but redistributed with respect to size in the proportion in which they occurred in one of the other soils.As a measure of the relevant physical properties, breaking strengths and bulk densities of cylindrical ‘clods’ moulded from the artificial soils were determined. To aid interpretation of the observed soil properties, similar measurements were made on individual fractions, on various other mixtures and on the parent soils.The breaking strengths of the soils made up to a given particle-size distribution from particles from the different parent soils were reasonably close to each other, with those for the Beccles distribution being more variable. There was a significant difference between the two. The strength of the reconstituted Batcombe soil was markedly greater than that of its parent soil, whereas that for Beccles soil was markedly less. There was little difference for the Stackyard soil.The bulk densities of saturated soils reconstituted from all nine fractions could be estimated reasonably accurately from the properties of the separate components. The structure of each of these soils in the air-dry state was inferred from comparisons between measured and calculated bulk densities. The breaking strengths of air-dry reconstituted soils were estimated from the properties of the separate components, and agreed reasonably well with the measured values for soils in which the clay and fine silt fractions predominated.Whereas it was generally possible to predict various physical properties of the reconstituted soils from those of the separate fractions, it was not possible to extrapolate the results to explain field behaviour.

scholarly journals Dense suspensions formulations for upgrading processes in heavy and extra heavy crude oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Lilia Rodríguez ◽  
Geoffrey Viviescas
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
By Products

The present work involved the formulation of solid-liquid suspensions of by-products of heavy and extra heavy crude oil process upgrades, coke and asphaltenes from Delayed coking and Deasphalting processes. This was done by controlling rheological properties and following specifications for pipeline transmission, similar to those of liquid hydrocarbons. The formulated products guarantee the possibility of moving the by products in a fluidized way, minimizing storage, handling, environmental and operational costs in transportation, and providing an attractive alternative as non conventional fuel. Regarding the formulation of suspensions, it was necessary to establish the effect of formation components such as: surfactants, stabilizers, as well as the type, amount of solids and particle size ratio on the flow properties of the resulting product. The parameters analyzed for rheological properties of pipeline transport were viscosity, particle size distribution, static and dynamic stability. Laboratory tests were performed in high precision rheometers -TA Instruments RX1500 and Haake RS600- and Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. At pilot scale, we used a closed loop to verify flow parameters, including normal and critical transport scenarios: Sudden shutdowns and extended ones of up to 72 hours, with subsequent pumping re-starts. Tests performed at the lab and the pilot plant showed better rheological properties in the formulations with bimodal particle size distribution. This allowed higher loads of solid, up to 52%, and an improved mobility, reflected as lower viscosity. A non-Newtonian rheological behavior became evident, characterized by yield stress to ensure pumpability after prolonged inactivity. The pressure drops and calculation of apparent viscosity obtained in the pilot plant were compared and verified with lab results, showing reproducibility.

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