Physical Characterization of Ukpor and Ahoko Clay Deposits for use as Industrial Raw Material

2007 ◽  
Vol 18-19 ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
E.J. Eterigho ◽  
M.A. Olutoye
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Deposits

The physical properties of some Nigerian clays were studied in order to determine their suitability for a variety of industrial applications. From the analysis, the specific gravity of Ukpor and Ahoko clays were 1.89 and 2.26 respectively and the Plasticity Index 26.05% and 22.45%, drying shrinkage was 18.90% and 8.2% and particle size distribution showed that the samples are clays. The results show that the physical properties of the clays are within the specifications for kaolin clays and are suitable for industrial uses.

scholarly journals Physical Properties of Chocolates Enriched with Untreated Cocoa Bean Shells and Cocoa Bean Shells Treated with High-Voltage Electrical Discharge

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2620
Author(s):  
Veronika Barišić ◽  
Jovana Petrović ◽  
Ivana Lončarević ◽  
Ivana Flanjak ◽  
Drago Šubarić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

Recently, the enrichment of chocolate has become a very interesting topic, along with the management of food industry by-products, such as cocoa shells. Cocoa shells could be a great raw material for the cocoa industry, both for economical reasons (maximized utilization of cocoa beans) and for their functional properties (increased fiber content). In this research, we used untreated and high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED)-treated cocoa shells in the production of chocolate. Different proportions of cocoa mass were replaced with cocoa shells to produce dark and milk chocolates in a ball mill. Additionally, dark chocolate with 15% and milk chocolate with 5% of shells were chosen for further research and to study the alteration of the composition. The rheology, particle size distribution, hardness, and color were determined for all the prepared samples. Treated cocoa shells provided chocolates with inferior physical properties compared to chocolates with untreated shells. Therefore, untreated cocoa shells were selected for further analysis. The addition of both treated and untreated cocoa shells resulted in softening and darkening of samples, which could have a positive effect for consumers. On the other hand, the particle size distribution and rheology were negatively affected. Further research is needed to find a solution for these problems.

Concentration of TiOSO4 on Rutile White via Short Sulfate Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 968 ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Xue Tian
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Sulfate Process ◽  
Favorable Structure

Short sulfate process was developed to produce rutile TiO2 white pigment by using low concentration industrial TiOSO4 solution as raw material via self-generated seeded thermal hydrolysis route. The concentration of TiOSO4 solution had significantly influenced the structure and pigment properties of rutile TiO2 white pigment. The samples were characterized by XRD, particle size distribution and pigment properties test. Appropriate concentration of TiOSO4 was beneficial to promoting hydrolysis process in a proper way and obtaining favorable structure and high quality white pigment. The optimized concentration of TiOSO4 solution was of 191.20 g/L.

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