scholarly journals Biomarkers of Deoxynivalenol Toxicity in Chickens with Special Emphasis on Metabolic and Welfare Parameters

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Insaf Riahi ◽  
Anna Maria Pérez-Vendrell ◽  
Antonio J. Ramos ◽  
Joaquim Brufau ◽  
Enric Esteve-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Biomarkers Of Effect

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, is the most widespread mycotoxin in poultry feed worldwide. Long term-exposure from low to moderate DON concentrations can produce alteration in growth performance and impairment of the health status of birds. To evaluate the efficacy of mycotoxin-detoxifying agent alleviating the toxic effects of DON, the most relevant biomarkers of toxicity of DON in chickens should be firstly determined. The specific biomarker of exposure of DON in chickens is DON-3 sulphate found in different biological matrices (plasma and excreta). Regarding the nonspecific biomarkers called also biomarkers of effect, the most relevant ones are the impairment of the productive parameters, the intestinal morphology (reduction of villus height) and the enlargement of the gizzard. Moreover, the biomarkers of effect related to physiology (decrease of blood proteins, triglycerides, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes and the increase of alanine transaminase (ALT)), immunity (response to common vaccines and release of some proinflammatory cytokines) and welfare status of the birds (such as the increase of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the stress index), has been reported. This review highlights the available information regarding both types of biomarkers of DON toxicity in chickens.

REPEATED LONG-TERM SPACE FLIGHTS: PROTEOMIC INVESTIGATIONS OF COSMONAUTS' BLOOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
D.N. Kashirina ◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
A.I. Grigoriev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Structure ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biochemical Indices

We performed the first ever comparative analysis of modifications in the proteome, ionogram and some other blood plasma biochemical indices of 18 male cosmonauts (44 ± 6 years of age) before and after maiden or repeated long-term missions to the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS RS). Levels of proteins, substrates and ions as well as chemical components were measured using the LC-MS-based proteomics and routine biochemical techniques. A total of 256 to 281 indices were investigated with the methods of descriptive statistic, regression analysis, and access to bioinformatics resources. It was shown that blood indices recovery from the maiden and repeated missions reflects changes in the body systems and goes at a various speed. The results of measurements made prior to launch and on day 7 after landing are dependent on the number of missions. The bioinformatics techniques showed that after maiden missions both the mediator proteins of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and blood proteins with reliably changing concentrations are associated with the bio-processes including stress, metabolism and DNA reparation, apoptosis, catabolism and proteolysis. During early re-adaptation from repeated missions the AP level was affected by bone remodeling, phosphorylation, angiogenesis and coagulation cascade suggesting a distinct and urgent trigger of the processes of bone structure and mineralization.

Placental Therapy as Panacea: An Insight to Its Therapeutic Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Md Mumtaz ◽  
Madhu Gupta ◽  
Ramesh K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Placental Extract

Abstract:: The placenta that maintains and regulates the growth of fetus, consists of various biological treasures nutrients such as cytomedines, vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, peptides, growth factors and other biologically active constituents. Their therapeutic usefulness can well define in the terms of biochemical mechanisms of various components present in it. Biomedical waste derived extract is also a panacea for treatment of various diseases. Placental therapy has been reported specifically to have potent action on recovery of diseases and tissue regeneration. Placental bioactive components and their multi targeting identity prompted us to compile the précised information on placental extract products. However, some findings are needed to be explored by scientific community to prove their clinical potential with clinically significant statistical conclusions. In the light of available information and the usefulness of the placental extract, it is necessary for the development of various formulations for various unmet meet for the treatment as well as access their adverse effects as well as contradictions and precisely evaluated in the short and in the long-term periods.

scholarly journals Survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in Maize Stalk Residue

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Cotten ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Continuous Maize ◽  
Maize Plants

The roles of residue size and burial depth were assessed in the survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in maize stalk residue. Stalk pieces (small or large sizes) were soaked in a spore suspension of F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, or F. subglutinans and placed in a field on the soil surface or buried at 15- or 30-cm depths. Residue pieces were recovered periodically, cultured on a selective medium, and microscopically examined for the presence of the inoculated Fusarium species. After 630 days, the inoculated Fusarium species were recovered from 0 to 50% of the inoculated stalk pieces in a long-term, continuous maize field, from 0 to 28% of the inoculated stalk pieces placed in a maize/soybean/oat rotation field, and from 0 to 25% of the noninoculated stalk pieces at both locations. Residue size and residue depth had significant effects on survival, but there were significant interactions among strain, depth, residue size, and time. Up to 343 days after placement in the field, survival of the three Fusarium species was not consistently different between buried residues and surface residues, but after 630 days, survival was greater from surface residues. Overall, fungus survival decreased more slowly in the surface residues than in the buried residues. Linear coefficients of determination ranged from 0.35 to 0.82 for the surface residues and from 0.81 to 0.98 for the buried residues. Decline in survival over time followed a more linear pattern in buried residues than in surface residues. Vegetative compatibility tests confirmed that F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans strains can survive at least 630 days in surface or buried maize residue. These results demonstrate that maize residue can act as a long-term source of inoculum for infection of maize plants by these three Fusarium species.

scholarly journals Clinical and Oncological Value of Preoperative BMI in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Single Center Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costantino Voglino ◽  
Giulio Di Mare ◽  
Francesco Ferrara ◽  
Lorenzo De Franco ◽  
Franco Roviello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Group B ◽  
Gastric Cancer Patients ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The impact of preoperative BMI on surgical outcomes and long-term survival of gastric cancer patients was investigated in various reports with contrasting results.Materials & Methods. A total of 378 patients who underwent a surgical resection for primary gastric cancer between 1994 and 2011 were retrospectively studied. Patients were stratified according to BMI into a normal group (<25, group A), an overweight group (25–30, group B), and an obesity group (≥30, group C). These 3 groups were compared according to clinical-pathological characteristics, surgical treatment, and long-term survival.Results. No significant correlations between BMI and TNM (2010), UICC stage (2010), Lauren’s histological type, surgical results, lymph node dissection, and postoperative morbidity and mortality were observed. Factors related to higher BMI were male genderP<0.05, diabetesP<0.001, and serum blood proteinsP<0.01. A trend to fewer lymph nodes retrieved during gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy in overweight patients (B and C groups) was observed, although not statistically significant. There was no difference in overall survival or disease-specific survival between the three groups.Conclusion. According to our data, BMI should not be considered a significant predictor of postoperative complications or long-term result in gastric cancer patients.

scholarly journals The Effect of HT-2 Toxin on Ovarian Steroidogenesis and Its Response to IGF-I, Leptin and Ghrelin in Rabbits

2017 ◽  
pp. 705-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KOLESAROVA ◽  
N. MARUNIAKOVA ◽  
A. KADASI ◽  
M. HALENAR ◽  
M. MARAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Ovarian Steroidogenesis ◽  
Estradiol Secretion ◽  
Igf I ◽  
17Β Estradiol

T-2 toxin and its metabolite HT-2 toxin are one of the most toxic mycotoxins of type A-trichothecenes, which are produced mainly by Fusarium species. Therefore, study of Fusarium toxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin is an essential issue because they could also play role in failures of reproductive functions as well as endocrine system of domestic animals. Assessment of the effect of A-trichothecene mycotoxin HT-2 toxin alone or combined with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), leptin and ghrelin on estradiol secretion by rabbit ovarian fragments in vitro was done. Rabbit ovarian fragments were incubated without (control group) or with HT-2 toxin, or its combinations with IGF-I, leptin and ghrelin at various concentrations for 24 h. Secretion of 17β-estradiol was determined by ELISA. Firstly, HT-2 toxin at the doses 10 and 100 ng.ml-1, but not at 1 ng.ml-1 decreased 17β-estradiol secretion by ovarian fragments. Secondly, 17β-estradiol secretion was not affected by HT-2 toxin exposure combined with growth factor IGF-I, metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin. In conclusion, HT-2 toxin has potent direct dose-dependent effects on ovarian steroidogenesis in rabbits. These direct effects of HT-2 mycotoxin on ovarian steroidogenesis could impact negatively on the reproductive performance of rabbits.

scholarly journals The Morrison Formation sauropod consensus: A freely accessible online spreadsheet of collected sauropod specimens, their housing institutions, contents, references, localities, and other potentially useful information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Tschopp ◽  
John A. Whitlock ◽  
D. Cary Woodruff ◽  
John R. Foster ◽  
Roberto Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
3D Scans ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Sheer Number

The Morrison Formation has been explored for dinosaurs for more than 150 years, in particular for large sauropod skeletons to be mounted in museum exhibits around the world. Several long-term campaigns to the Jurassic West of the United States produced hundreds of specimens, ranging from isolated, fragmentary bones to nearly complete skeletons of these enormous herbivorous animals. Given the sheer number of specimens, keeping track of what is housed in which institution is paramount to study variability, taxonomy, and consequently geographic and temporal distribution of the various species and genera recognized from the Morrison Formation. In an attempt to facilitate these studies, we have compiled an online spreadsheet intended to combine all the available information on sauropod specimens from collection databases, published literature, and personal observations. These include lists of contents of the specimens, in what institution the material is housed, references mentioning, describing, figuring, providing measurements and/or 3D scans, locality data and stratigraphy, as well as other potentially useful data for research purposes. The spreadsheet is openly accessible, but editing is currently restricted to the authors of this study, in order to ensure high-quality data curation to keep the file as useful as possible.

scholarly journals Biological and Functional Changes in Healthy Adult Smokers Who Are Continuously Abstinent From Smoking for One Year: Protocol for a Prospective, Observational, Multicenter Cohort Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cam Tuan Tran ◽  
Loyse Felber Medlin ◽  
Nicola Lama ◽  
Brindusa Taranu ◽  
Weeteck Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Biomarkers Of Effect

BACKGROUND The harm of smoking results mainly from long-term exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) generated by tobacco combustion. Smoking cessation (SC) engenders favorable changes of clinical signs, pathomechanisms, and metabolic processes that together could reduce the harm of smoking-related diseases to a relative risk level approximating that of never-smokers over time. In most SC studies, the main focus is on the quitting rate of the SC program being tested. As there is limited information in the literature on short to multiple long-term functional or biological changes following SC, more data on short to mid-term favorable impacts of SC are needed. OBJECTIVE The overall aim of the study was to assess the reversibility of the harm related to smoking over 1 year of continuous smoking abstinence (SA). This has been verified by assessing a set of biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs and a set of biomarkers of effect indicative of multiple pathophysiological pathways underlying the development of smoking-related diseases. METHODS This multiregional (United States, Japan, and Europe), multicenter (42 sites) cohort study consisting of a 1-year SA period in an ambulatory setting was conducted from May 2015 to May 2017. A total of 1184 male and female adult healthy smokers, willing to quit smoking, were enrolled in the study. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was provided for up to 3 months upon the subject’s request. SC counseling and behavioral support were continuously provided. Biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs and biomarkers of effect were assessed in urine and blood at baseline, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12. Cardiovascular biomarkers of effect included parameters reflecting inflammation (white blood cell), lipid metabolism (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), endothelial function (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1), platelet function (11-dehydrothromboxane B2), oxidative stress (8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha), and carbon monoxide exposure (carboxyhemoglobin). Respiratory biomarkers of effect included lung function parameters and cough symptoms. The biomarkers of effect to evaluate genotoxicity (total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) and xenobiotic metabolism (cytochrome P450 2A6 activity) were also assessed. Continuous SA was verified at each visit following the actual quit date using self-reporting and chemical verification. Safety assessments included adverse events and serious adverse events, body weight, vital signs, spirometry, electrocardiogram, clinical chemistry, hematology and urine analysis safety panel, physical examination, and concomitant medications. RESULTS In total, 1184 subjects (50.1% male) were enrolled; 30% of them quit smoking successfully for 1 year. Data analyses of the study results are ongoing and will be published after study completion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into biological and functional changes and health effects, after continuous SA over 1 year. Study results will be instrumental in assessing novel alternative products to cigarettes considered for tobacco harm reduction strategies. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02432729; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02432729 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/78QxovZrr) INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR DERR1-10.2196/12138

scholarly journals Expression of a Truncated Form of Ribosomal Protein L3 Confers Resistance to Pokeweed Antiviral Protein and the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 762-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Di ◽  
Nilgun E. Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Antiviral Protein ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Truncated Form ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxin ◽  
Ribosomal Protein L3

The contamination of important agricultural products such as wheat, barley, or maize with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) due to infection with Fusarium species is a worldwide problem. Trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis by targeting ribosomal protein L3. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein binds to L3 to depurinate the α–sarcin/loop of the large rRNA. Plants transformed with the wild-type PAP show lesions and express very low levels of PAP because PAP autoregulates its expression by destabilizing its own mRNA. We show here that transgenic tobacco plants expressing both the wild-type PAP and a truncated form of yeast L3 (L3δ) are phenotypically normal. PAP mRNA and protein levels are very high in these plants, indicating that L3δ suppresses the autoregulation of PAP mRNA expression. Ribosomes are not depurinated in the transgenic plants expressing PAP and L3δ, even though PAP is associated with ribosomes. The expression of the endogenous tobacco ribosomal protein L3 is up-regulated in these plants and they are resistant to the Fusarium mycotoxin DON. These results demonstrate that expression of an N-terminal fragment of yeast L3 leads to trans-dominant resistance to PAP and the trichothecene mycotoxin DON, providing evidence that both toxins target L3 by a common mechanism.

The emerging threat of artificial intelligence on competition in liberalized electricity markets: A deep Q-network approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danial Esmaeili Aliabadi ◽  
Katrina Chan
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
End Users ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Bidding Strategies ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundAccording to sustainable development goals (SDGs), societies should have access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy. Deregulated electricity markets have been established to provide affordable electricity for end-users through advertising competition. Although these liberalized markets are expected to serve this purpose, they are far from perfect and are prone to threats, such as collusion. Tacit collusion is a condition, in which power generating companies (GenCos) disrupt the competition by exploiting their market power. MethodsIn this manuscript, a novel deep Q-network (DQN) model is developed, which GenCos can use to determine the bidding strategies to maximize average long-term payoffs using available information. In the presence of collusive equilibria, the results are compared with a conventional Q-learning model that solely relies on past outcomes. With that, this manuscript aims to investigate the impact of emerging DQN models on the establishment of collusive equilibrium in markets with repetitive interactions among players. Results and ConclusionsThe outcomes show that GenCos may be able to collude unintentionally while trying to ameliorate long-term profits. Collusive strategies can lead to exorbitant electric bills for end-users, which is one of the influential factors in energy poverty. Thus, policymakers and market designers should be vigilant regarding the combined effect of information disclosure and autonomous pricing, as new models exploit information more effectively.

Care of the Child With Tympanostomy Tubes: A Visual Guide for the Pediatrician

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 924-929
Author(s):  
Glenn Isaacson ◽  
Richard M. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
Nonsurgical Management ◽  
Tympanostomy Tubes ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Middle Ear Disease ◽  
Available Information

More than 2 million tympanostomy tubes are placed annually in the United States, primarily in children with chronic or recurrent otitis media refractory to nonsurgical management (J.S. Reilly, personal communication, 1994). Traditionally, the operating otolaryngologist has had the responsibility of caring for these patients, including: confirming middle ear disease, assuring tube patency, controlling refractory otorrhea, and managing complications such as tympanic membrane perforation or cholesteatoma. In response to pressures from a changing health care system, pediatricians are less able to refer children back to the otolaryngologist for routine tube surveillance, and must therefore perform it themselves, often with incomplete instrumentation and training. An approach is presented here for the care of the child with tympanostomy tubes based on the authors' combined experience with thousands of intubated children, and on available information from the pediatric and otolaryngic literature. With appropriate postoperative surveillance and follow-up care, the morbidity from tympanostomy tubes can be minimized. Although there are other ways of achieving the same goals, these time-honored methods are safe and effective. Because this is a visual guide, photographs are liberally interspersed to clarify and reinforce the written material. NORMAL TUBE APPEARANCE There are hundreds of different tube designs and materials and at least five different potential insertion sites in the tympanic membrane. This bewildering array of devices can be reduced to two general types: short-term tubes (intended to remain in the eardrum for 8 to 15 months) and long-term tubes (intended to remain in the eardrum &gt; 15 months) (Fig 1A and B).

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