scholarly journals Special Issue: “Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Viral Evasion”

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Renate König ◽  
Carsten Münk
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
First Line ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing ◽  
Viral Evasion

In this Special Issue, a wide variety of original and review articles provide a timely overview of how viruses are recognized by and evade from cellular innate immunity, which represents the first line of defense against viruses [...]

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal epithelial innate immunity—regionalization and organoids as new model

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özge Kayisoglu ◽  
Nicolas Schlegel ◽  
Sina Bartfeld
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing

AbstractThe human gastrointestinal tract is in constant contact with microbial stimuli. Its barriers have to ensure co-existence with the commensal bacteria, while enabling surveillance of intruding pathogens. At the centre of the interaction lies the epithelial layer, which marks the boundaries of the body. It is equipped with a multitude of different innate immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors, to mount inflammatory responses to microbes. Dysfunction of this intricate system results in inflammation-associated pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, the complexity of the cellular interactions, their molecular basis and their development remains poorly understood. In recent years, stem cell–derived organoids have gained increasing attention as promising models for both development and a broad range of pathologies, including infectious diseases. In addition, organoids enable the study of epithelial innate immunity in vitro. In this review, we focus on the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and its regional organization to discuss innate immune sensing and development.

scholarly journals Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin K. Paterson ◽  
Tim J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Made In

The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defence against microbes and is crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-moving field. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to the important pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).

scholarly journals The innate immune sensor Toll-like receptor 2 controls the senescence-associated secretory phenotype

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Hari ◽  
Fraser R. Millar ◽  
Nuria Tarrats ◽  
Jodie Birch ◽  
Curtis J. Rink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Secretory Phenotype ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing

ABSTRACTCellular senescence is a stress response program characterised by a robust cell cycle arrest and the induction of a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that is triggered through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that during oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), the Toll-like receptor TLR2 and its partner TLR10 are key mediators of senescence in vitro and in murine models. TLR2 promotes cell cycle arrest by regulating the tumour suppressors p53-p21CIP1, p16INK4a and p15INK4b, and regulates the SASP through the induction of the acute-phase serum amyloids A1 and A2 (A-SAA) that, in turn, function as the damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signalling through TLR2 in OIS. Finally, we found evidence that the cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway primes TLR2 and A-SAA expression in OIS. In summary, we report that innate immune sensing of senescence-associated DAMPs by TLR2 controls the SASP and reinforces the cell cycle arrest program in OIS.

scholarly journals Bloom syndrome protein restrains innate immune sensing of micronuclei by cGAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Gratia ◽  
Mathieu P. Rodero ◽  
Cécile Conrad ◽  
Elias Bou Samra ◽  
Mathieu Maurin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Bloom Syndrome ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Genome Integrity ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Syndrome Protein ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing ◽  
Exonuclease Trex1

Cellular innate immune sensors of DNA are essential for host defense against invading pathogens. However, the presence of self-DNA inside cells poses a risk of triggering unchecked immune responses. The mechanisms limiting induction of inflammation by self-DNA are poorly understood. BLM RecQ–like helicase is essential for genome integrity and is deficient in Bloom syndrome (BS), a rare genetic disease characterized by genome instability, accumulation of micronuclei, susceptibility to cancer, and immunodeficiency. Here, we show that BLM-deficient fibroblasts show constitutive up-regulation of inflammatory interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, which is mediated by the cGAS–STING–IRF3 cytosolic DNA–sensing pathway. Increased DNA damage or down-regulation of the cytoplasmic exonuclease TREX1 enhances ISG expression in BLM-deficient fibroblasts. cGAS-containing cytoplasmic micronuclei are increased in BS cells. Finally, BS patients demonstrate elevated ISG expression in peripheral blood. These results reveal that BLM limits ISG induction, thus connecting DNA damage to cellular innate immune response, which may contribute to human pathogenesis.

scholarly journals BK Polyomavirus Evades Innate Immune Sensing by Disrupting the Mitochondrial Network and Promotes Mitophagy

iScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 101257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Manzetti ◽  
Fabian H. Weissbach ◽  
Fabrice E. Graf ◽  
Gunhild Unterstab ◽  
Marion Wernli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mitochondrial Network ◽  
Bk Polyomavirus ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing
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