Mechanisms of Mixed Th1/Th2 Responses in Mice Induced by Albizia julibrissin Saponin Active Fraction by in Silico Analysis

The purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponin (AJSAF) is an ideal adjuvant candidate that improves antigen-specific both cellular and humoral immune responses and elicits mixed Th1/Th2 responses, but its mechanisms remain unclear. The key features of action of AJSAF were investigated in mice immunized with Newcastle disease virus-based recombinant influenza vaccine (rL-H5) and AJSAF at the same leg (AJSAF+rL-H5) or different legs (AJSAF/rL-H5). The adjuvant activity of AJSAF on rL-H5 is strictly dependent on their spatial colocalization. Serum H5 antigen (H5Ag)-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody titers in AJSAF+rL-H5 group were significantly higher than those in AJSAF/rL-H5 group. The mechanisms of selectivity of Th1 or Th2 in mice induced by AJSAF was explored by the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of H5Ag-stimulated splenocytes from the immunized mice using gene microarray and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compared to rL-H5 alone, AJSAF/rL-H5 induced more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than AJSAF+rL-H5, whereas AJSAF+rL-H5 upregulated higher mRNA expression of Th1 (T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12β, and IL-12Rβ1) and Th2 (IL-10 and AICDA) immune response genes. The neutrophil response and its derived S100A8 and S100A9 might be involved in the AJSAF-mediated Th1 response. Meanwhile, AJSAF might induce the adaptive immune responses by improving a local innate immune microenvironment. These findings expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants, and provided new insights into how adjuvants shape adaptive immune responses.

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Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Immune Modulatory Agents against Sepsis

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11030323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guoying Wang ◽

Xianghui Li ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ◽

Tieshan Teng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Critical Role ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Th2 Responses ◽

Novel Strategy

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the immune system which sense pathogens and present their antigens to prime the adaptive immune responses. As the progression of sepsis occurs, DCs are capable of orchestrating the aberrant innate immune response by sustaining the Th1/Th2 responses that are essential for host survival. Hence, an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of DCs would have a beneficial effect in overcoming the obstacle occurring in sepsis. This paper focuses on the role of DCs in the progression of sepsis and we also discuss the reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression through manipulating the DC function. In addition, we highlight some potent immunotherapies that could be used as a novel strategy in the early treatment of sepsis.

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B Cell Immunosenescence

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011620-034148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 551-574 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniela Frasca ◽

Alain Diaz ◽

Maria Romero ◽

Denisse Garcia ◽

Bonnie B. Blomberg

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

B Cell ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Cell Function ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

The Elderly ◽

Low Grade ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

B Cell Function

Innate and adaptive immune responses decline with age, leading to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced responses to vaccines. Diseases are more severe in old than in young individuals and have a greater impact on health outcomes such as morbidity, disability, and mortality. Aging is characterized by increased low-grade chronic inflammation, so-called inflammaging, that represents a link between changes in immune cells and a number of diseases and syndromes typical of old age. In this review we summarize current knowledge on age-associated changes in immune cells with special emphasis on B cells, which are more inflammatory and less responsive to infections and vaccines in the elderly. We highlight recent findings on factors and pathways contributing to inflammaging and how these lead to dysfunctional immune responses. We summarize recent published studies showing that adipose tissue, which increases in size with aging, contributes to inflammaging and dysregulated B cell function.

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Disruption of nasal bacteria enhances protective immune responses to influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice

10.1101/2020.12.25.424300 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Minami Nagai ◽

Miyu Moriyama ◽

Takeshi Ichinohe

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Influenza A ◽

Critical Role ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adjuvant Activity ◽

Adaptive Immune

AbstractGut microbiota plays a critical role in the induction of adaptive immune responses to influenza virus infection. However, the role of nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immunity is less clear. Here we demonstrate that while intranasal administration of influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine alone was insufficient to induce the vaccine-specific antibody responses, disruption of nasal bacteria by lysozyme or addition of culturable oral bacteria from a healthy human volunteer rescued inability of the nasal bacteria to generate antibody responses to intranasally administered the split-virus vaccine. Myd88-depdnent signaling in the hematopoietic compartment was required for adjuvant activity of intranasally administered oral bacteria. In addition, we found that the oral bacteria-combined intranasal vaccine induced protective antibody response to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings here have identified a previously unappreciated role for nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immune responses.

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HistoplasmaVirulence and Host Responses

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2012/268123 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mircea Radu Mihu ◽

Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Complex Interaction ◽

Host Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Disease Extent ◽

Adaptive Immune

Histoplasma capsulatumis the most prevalent cause of fungal respiratory disease. The disease extent and outcomes are the result of the complex interaction between the pathogen and a host's immune system. The focus of our paper consists in presenting the current knowledge regarding the multiple facets of the dynamic host-pathogen relationship in the context of the virulence arsenal displayed by the fungus and the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.

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Activation of viral defense signaling in cancer

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology ◽

10.1177/1758835918793105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 175883591879310 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maria Gonzalez-Cao ◽

Niki Karachaliou ◽

Mariacarmela Santarpia ◽

Santiago Viteri ◽

Andreas Meyerhans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Cancer Therapies ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune

A coordinated action of innate and adaptive immune responses is required to efficiently combat a microbial infection. It has now become clear that cancer therapies also largely benefit when both arms of the immune response are engaged. In this review, we will briefly describe the current knowledge of innate immunity and how this can be utilized to prime tumors for a better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Comments on compounds in development and ongoing clinical trials will be provided.

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Immunválasz és oxidatív stressz hepatitis C-vírus-infekcióban

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2015.30281 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 156 (47) ◽

pp. 1898-1903

Author(s):

Alajos Pár ◽

Gabriella Pár

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

And Oxidative Stress

This review summarizes our current knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by hepatitis C virus, and on the genetic polymorphisms that may determine the outcome of the disease. In addition, the authors discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in hepatitis C virus-related pathogenic processess, such as hepatitis, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, steatosis and insulin resistance. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(47), 1898–1903.

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Monocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment

Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease ◽

10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 93-122

Author(s):

Stefano Ugel ◽

Stefania Canè ◽

Francesco De Sanctis ◽

Vincenzo Bronte

Keyword(s):

Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

The Past ◽

Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Antigen Presenting

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. Nonetheless, prolonged survival is limited to relatively few patients. Cancers enforce a multifaceted immune-suppressive network whose nature is progressively shaped by systemic and local cues during tumor development. Monocytes bridge innate and adaptive immune responses and can affect the tumor microenvironment through various mechanisms that induce immune tolerance, angiogenesis, and increased dissemination of tumor cells. Yet monocytes can also give rise to antitumor effectors and activate antigen-presenting cells. This yin-yang activity relies on the plasticity of monocytes in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the ontogeny, heterogeneity, and functions of monocytes and monocyte-derived cells in cancer, pinpointing the main pathways that are important for modeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

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