scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry and Precursory Anomalies in Thermal Springs of Fujian (Southeastern China) Associated with Earthquakes in the Taiwan Strait

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3523
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Xiaocheng Zhou ◽  
Yongsheng Zhou ◽  
Yucong Yan ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Earthquake Precursor ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Hydrochemical Composition ◽  
The Taiwan Strait

Analyzing the hydrochemical composition in thermal springs is an advantageous method for studying the coupling mechanism of the deep and shallow fluids in active fault zones. Here we conducted sampling in 30 thermal springs near fault zones in Fujian Province, and the major elements, trace elements, silica, stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) and strontium isotopes were tested in the laboratory. The results show that (1) the thermal springs in the study area can be divided into six types according to the content of the major elements: HCO3-Na, HCO3·SO4-Na, Cl·HCO3-Na, Cl-Na, Cl-Na·Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca; (2) hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that precipitation is the main source of recharge for thermal springs in the study area, and the recharge height is between 258 m and 1859 m; (3) the content of SiO2 in the thermal spring varies from 18.1 mg/L to 59.3 mg/L. The geothermal reservoir temperature calculated is 90~226 °C, and the circulation depth is 2.9~5.4 km, except for the W10 thermal spring, whose circulation depth is 8.4 km; and (4) the 87Sr/86Sr of the thermal springs in southwestern Fujian and eastern Fujian has obviously different characteristics, indicating the influence of different rock formations on the groundwater cycle process. Additionally, a continuous measurement of the main anions and cations was performed in five thermal springs every three days since January 2020. There were obvious abnormal changes in the hydrochemical compositions, chlorine in four of the five springs, sodium at three springs, and four ions at one spring, which all showed abnormal high-value changes by 15% to 80%, and which occurred 85~168 days prior to the M6.1 earthquake in Hualien, Taiwan. An inspiration could be provided for obtaining effective earthquake precursor anomalies by monitoring the change in ion concentration in thermal springs.

scholarly journals Retracted: Study Hydrogeochemistry Exploration of Thermal Spring in Ramsar Area, (North of Iran)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Samadi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
North Of Iran ◽  
Set Up

Ramsar area is located across and between Alborze Mountain and Caspine Sea in North of Iran. About 30 spas are located south of the Ramsar and Sadatshar town. They are almost in between 20 to 70 m elevation. Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks and alluvial deposit are exposed around the Ramsar area. In tertiary, acidic Plutonism was active and intrusion into the Paleozoic and Cenozoic formations. Quaternary and Alluvium deposits are exposed and extending on the Jurassic formations in Ramsar plain and have thickness lower than 10 m in show springs. The annual precipitation in the Ramsar region is 976 mm. There has not any proper Thermal spring management in Ramsar area yet. This could post some serious problem on improper management of Thermal spring sites, where its environment has been put into jeopardy. This study aims to provide a way to classify the Thermal springs in Ramsar area. The result of this study help in the classification of Thermal spring sites for official planning improvement of administration and sustainable development of natural resources of the area. The study makes use of the Department of Applied Geosciences in Islamic Azad University. GIS data of a total of 9 Thermal springs in the attempt to set up a classification system of Thermal springs in Ramsar area. These data include surface temperature, conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, TDS, pH values, H2S, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, SiO2, SO4 contents, their locations, usages and other relevant information. The surface temperature of Thermal springs are between 19oC – 65oC and Na-K-Cageothermometer shows estimated reservoir temperature range from 25 o C – 195 o C. Most of the water from these Thermal springs is relatively turbidness and their composition is sodium choloride. The Thermal springs in this area generally exhibit high SiO2 and Na content; strong smell of sulfur. In addition, there are 9 Thermal springs that show high concentration of Cl, Ca, Na, K and Mg. There are three major criteria used in the classification system in this study, temperature, pH and their usage. On the basis of temperature, there are three classes of Thermal springs in Ramsar area: hyper thermal spring (10 %, 50-99o C); thermal spring (80%, 30-50o C). There is one class achieved on the basis of pH values: all of Thermal springs exhibit weak acids. There are 4 types of usage classification: swimming pools, Tourism, space heating and drying of organic materials.

scholarly journals Models to determine the kinetic mechanisms of ion-coupled transporters

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juke S. Lolkema ◽  
Dirk J. Slotboom
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Transport Reaction ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
Kinetic Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Analyze Data

With high-resolution structures available for many ion-coupled (secondary active) transporters, a major challenge for the field is to determine how coupling is accomplished. Knowledge of the kinetic mechanism of the transport reaction, which defines the binding order of substrate and co-ions, together with the sequence with which all relevant states are visited by the transporter, will help to reveal this coupling mechanism. Here, we derived general mathematical models that can be used to analyze data from steady-state transport measurements and show how kinetic mechanisms can be derived. The models describe how the apparent maximal rate of substrate transport depends on the co-ion concentration, and vice versa, in different mechanisms. Similarly, they describe how the apparent affinity for the transported substrate is affected by the co-ion concentration and vice versa. Analyses of maximal rates and affinities permit deduction of the number of co-ions that bind before, together with, and after the substrate. Hill analysis is less informative, but in some mechanisms, it can reveal the total number of co-ions transported with the substrate. However, prior knowledge of the number of co-ions from other experimental approaches is preferred when deriving kinetic mechanisms, because the models are generally overparameterized. The models we present have wide applicability for the study of ion-coupled transporters.

scholarly journals Microorganisms of Two Thermal Pools on Kunashir Island, Russia

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 924
Author(s):  
Aleksei S. Rozanov ◽  
Anton V. Korzhuk ◽  
Sergei V. Shekhovtsov ◽  
Gennady V. Vasiliev ◽  
Sergei E. Peltek
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Sequences ◽  
Kunashir Island ◽  
Metagenomic Study ◽  
Biological Methods

The Kuril Archipelago is a part of the Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire). These islands have numerous thermal springs. There are very few studies on these microbial communities, and none of them have been conducted by modern molecular biological methods. Here we performed the first metagenomic study on two thermophilic microbial communities of Kunashir Island. Faust Lake is hot (48 °C) and highly acidic (pH 2.0). We constructed 28 metagenome-assembled genomes as well as 17 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. We found that bottom sediments of Faust Lake are dominated by a single species of red algae belonging to the Cyanidiaceae family. Archaeans in Faust Lake are more diverse than bacteria but less abundant. The Tretyakovsky Thermal Spring is also hot (52 °C) but only weakly acidic (pH 6.0). It has much higher microbial diversity (233 metagenome-assembled genomes; 93 16S ribosomal RNAs) and is dominated by bacteria, with only several archaeans and one fungus. Despite their geographic proximity, these two thermal springs were found to not share any species. A comparison of these two lakes with other thermal springs of the Circum-Pacific Belt revealed that only a few members of the communities are shared among different locations.

The Types of Thermal Spring and its Geological Distributive Characteristics in Yanshan Orogenic Belt, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 5846-5850
Author(s):  
Gui Fang Yang ◽  
Sheng Guang Zhuo ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Jin Xin Zhang ◽  
Xue Jie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Tectonic Structure ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
Fault Belt ◽  
Earth Dynamics

Yanshan orogenic belt and its nearby area have thinner earth crust structure, so the asthenosphere of earth mantle upwells and directly bake earthcrust, resulting in Yanshan geothermal anomaly. The type and distribution of thermal spring are controlled by an EW major fault. Thermal springs can be divided into the outcropping type and the hidden type. The outcropping thermal springs mainly spread over orogenic belt in mountain area distributed over northern of Shangyi- Chicheng-Gubeikou-Chengde-Pingyuan fault belt, Hebei. Average temperature of outcropping thermal springs higher than 60°C. Yanshan’s particular earth dynamics and tectonic structure background makes the thermal springs in this area have great prospects for exploitation and utilization

scholarly journals Neotectonic interpretations and PS-InSAR monitoring of crustal deformations in the Fujian area of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Guo ◽  
Shiyang Xu ◽  
Hailong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Shear Fracture ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Interference Fringes ◽  
Computer Image Processing ◽  
Main Fault ◽  
The Taiwan Strait

AbstractA neotectonic structural interpretation was conducted in the Fujian Province, west of the Taiwan Strait, by using computer image processing and 3D visualizations to enhance linear structural traces. The major faults in this area can be grouped into two conjugate shear fracture zones, with one trending to the northeast and the other trending to the northwest. PS-InSAR technology uses stable permanent target scatterer points to determine deformation rates and can effectively reduce the influence of spatiotemporal decorrelations and atmospheric anomalies that affect conventional D-InSAR techniques and prevent the formation of interference fringes. This study focuses on the fault zones located in the Quanzhou area of Fujian Province, where the 1604 M7.5–8.0 historic earthquake occurred. In total, 22 scenes of ERS SAR data from 1996 to 1999 were processed using PS-InSAR methods. The results show that the line of sight direction displacement rate of the main fault in the study area is 3–5 mm/yr, which indicates that the faults in this area are still active and subject to earthquake risk.

scholarly journals Study on the Geohazard Distribution Laws and Hazard-Causing Mechanism in Menghai County of Yunnan Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Mingchang Hei ◽  
Xuegang Dai ◽  
Xukai Yuan ◽  
Jia Xiong ◽  
Xiaobo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Metamorphic Rock ◽  
Magmatic Rock ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Tectonic Zones ◽  
Distribution Laws

study area is located at the southwest border of Yunnan Province and the southward extended part of Nushan Mountain, with complex and fragile geo-environmental conditions. Deep geological survey and mathematical analytical investigation on the geohazard distribution and hazard-causing mechanisms in this area were carried out in this study. The results revealed that: (1) The development of geohazards was affected differently by different slope shapes, slope structures and elevations; (2) Most of the geohazards were developed in medium shallow cut ridge-like medium-height mountainous geomorphological region and shallow cut steamed bun-like low and medium-height mountainous geomorphological region, and they were relatively concentrated on tectonic zones like fault zones; (3) The slopes formed by loose earth piling up on the surface of Indo-Chinese magmatic rock and Lancang Group metamorphic rock formations were most prone to slope instability and even landslide. The deep study on the geohazard distribution and hazard-causing mechanisms can provide geoscientific basis and reference for the prevention and mitigation work of geohazards under similar geo-environmental conditions.

INSECTS IN THERMAL SPRINGS

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (S155) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
High Water ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Common Strategy

AbstractThermal springs are characterized by year-round high temperatures and a total-dissolved-solids concentration that is generally higher than that of surface waters. Insects appear to encounter few constraints from the water chemistry of most thermal springs, but considerable constraint from the high water temperature. Indeed, because no insect lives above 50 °C and very few above 40 °C, few thermal springs offer favorable conditions for insects in the actual boil itself. Thermal spring insects live in the stream at some distance from the source, and they may be defined as living in habitats having temperature regimens that are influenced by geothermy in the sense that they are warmer than they otherwise would be. An annual mean water temperature that is 5 °C above the annual mean air temperature of the region can be used to define the downstream limit of geothermal influence.Thermal springs around the world have similar insect faunas; only four orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata) are commonly represented, and each of these only by a handful of genera. Furthermore, the fauna of any one thermal spring is characterized by very few species, and the higher the temperature the lower the species richness. Both temperature and water chemistry may exclude certain species, and even whole orders, from thermal springs, these factors acting either directly, alone or in concert, or indirectly through competitive interactions. Even moderately warmed systems can significantly affect insect growth rates, and seasonal regulation of adult emergence through diapause is a common strategy of temperate-zone thermal spring insects.Thermal springs present many advantages to the ecologist, such as long-term habitat constancy, temperature stability, and taxonomic simplicity. They provide field laboratories for the study of temperature-related phenomena as well as the opportunity to explore a range of questions in biogeography and evolutionary biology. The challenge is to form the questions and select the systems critically.

scholarly journals Microflora Thermarum Atlas project: biodiversity in thermal spring waters and natural SPA pools

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1472-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Valeriani ◽  
C. Protano ◽  
G. Gianfranceschi ◽  
E. Leoni ◽  
V. Galasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Thermal springs are natural environments present all over the world and their use represents a social-economical resource with an impact on sanus per aquam (SPA) medical and wellness applications. Physical-chemical and microbiological balances characterize these ecological niches and their knowledge is essential to define water properties and support appropriate management. This study is a pilot application of a larger research project, involving metagenomics and aimed to fingerprint springs and map SPA biodiversity. Waters and their deposits were collected in six thermal springs from the Lazio region in Italy. The phylogenic microbial profiles performed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis showed a clear separation between different springs. Statistical analyses revealed correlations between the abundance of specific bacteria and environmental variables. Temperature, Sodium and H2S levels appear to play a key role in influencing the microbiota. The extension of this model to other springs will contribute to characterize and map the microbial community in thermal springs, allowing associations with chemical-physical factors. Biodiversity is a still underestimated property of thermal springs and a key element in several SPA applications. The Atlas progress is shedding light on biotic and abiotic components in these ecological niches, opening further perspectives for supporting appropriate use and management of thermal waters.

Observations of seismo-electromagnetic earthquake precursor radiation signatures along Southern Californian fault zones: Evidence of long-distance precursor ultra-low frequency signals observed before a moderate Southern California earthquake episode

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1138-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Y. Dea ◽  
Charles I. Richman ◽  
Wolfgang-M. Boerner
Keyword(s):  
San Diego ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Earthquake Precursor ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Unique Region ◽  
Search Coil

Although questioned for a long time, there is accumulating growing evidence for the existence of detectable seismo-electromagnetic phenomena worldwide. California is geologically as well as seismically a unique region for studying these phenomena in depth; and, in particular, the southern California geologic province with a multitude of offshore and inland fault zones with San Diego in its center. At the Naval Ocean Systems Center Low Frequency Noise Laboratory, San Diego CA., we monitor 0.1–10 Hz ultra-low frequency (ULF) and 10–40 Hz extremely low-frequency (ELF) signals using mu-metal loaded multitum search coil sensors, as well as 10–100 kHz very low-frequency signals using large 1 m diameter loop antennas. We have observed precursor seismo-electromagnetic emissions of several earthquake events. In this paper, we report on observations of broadband ULF signals before and during the Upland quake of April 17, 1990 (Ms = 4.6), centered 200 km N of San Diego. The signals were detected with the vertically oriented search coil sensor and not with the horizontally oriented sensors, which suggests a disturbed ionosphere as the most likely source of these signals. The large prequake ULF activity, the rapid decay of ULF activity after the quake, and the absence of any geomagnetic storms indicate a good correlation of the ULF activity with the Upland quake. Although the exact mechanisms for coupling geologic activity to the ionosphere is not known, we cite a number of hypotheses concerning these mechanisms. Based on this succinct overview, an interpretation of our radio observations of seismic activity is presented and extended to earthquake precursor or predictor studies. We are in the process of expanding this research with the building of more monitoring stations and the improvement of our measurement, data collection, formatting, and data processing capabilities.

scholarly journals The thermal waters in Sofia City (Bulgaria): importance, condition and problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Vladimir Hristov ◽  
Nikolay Stoyanov ◽  
Simeon Valchev ◽  
Aleksey Benderev
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
City Center ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is situated in a region rich in thermal waters, which were a major factor for the establishment and development of the city. The thermal spring in the city center of Sofia has been in use since ancient times. As the city expanded rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries, it absorbed many other sources of thermal water. In addition, the available volume of usable thermal water increased with the construction of abstraction wells. The prevailing types of thermal waters are sourced from Mesozoic rocks at the base of the Sofia graben. The water temperatures are in the range between 21 °C and 54 °C, and the mineralization is up to approximately 1 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS). There is only one source in deeper rock formations with approximately 4 g/L TDS. The population of the city utilizes the thermal water resources to a various degree, mainly for bottling of natural mineral water. Some sources are used for balneology, sport, recreation and sanitation; however, their potential is not sufficiently utilized. Considering the importance of the thermal water resources for the city and its population, a numerical model was set up to study the impact of subway construction on the thermal spring in the center of Sofia.

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