scholarly journals Hydrocarbons and Ethers of Extractive Substances of Siberian Larch Needles

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-185
Author(s):  
Darya S. Mikson ◽  
◽  
Viktor I. Roshchin
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Triterpene Alcohols ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Commercial Species

Siberian larch (Larix sibirica L.) is the main commercial species in Russia. Currently, larch woody greens are underutilized. They are considered a waste product from logging. This is due to the lack of knowledge on the composition of compounds and the variability of the raw material source itself as a result of the fall of the needles. The research purpose is to study the composition of hydrocarbons and esters from Siberian larch needles in summer and autumn collection from the Tomsk region. The shredded needles were extracted with propan-2-ol; then, after distillation of the solvent, substances soluble in petroleum ether (PE, 40–70 °С) were isolated. The latter were divided into free acids (31.5 % for green needles and 28.0 % for yellow needles) and neutral substances (59.8 and 48.1 %, respectively). Then, eutral substances were chromatographed on silica gel: hydrocarbons (2.43 and 3.02 %, hereinafter from neutral substances of green and yellow needles, respectively), esters (31.30 and 33.80 %) and triglycerides (11.70 % and 6.44 %). The ester and triglyceride fractions were exposed to alkaline hydrolysis and the acidic components of esters (9.12 and 24.80 %) and triacylglycerols (17.43 and 26.15 %) were produced. Fractions of unsaponifiable compounds, in addition to alcohols, contained unsaponifiables with unchanged Rf values on thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Fractions of unsaponifiables were chromatographed on silica gel, and then the isolated fractions were additionally chromatographed on silica gel with silver nitrate. The isolated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In the acidic component of esters, the main components are linoleic and linolenic acids. Hydrocarbons are represented by sesquiterpenes in both collections of needles. A new aromatic hydrocarbon for coniferous plants, geranyl-p-cymene, has been identified. For the first time, polyprenols were isolated from Siberian larch greens, the structure of which differs from spruce and pine polyprenols by chain length according to NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. They contain from 14 to 20 isoprene links in the chain of molecules with predominance of prenol-17. The yield of polyprenols was 12.8–14.9 % of neutral substances of yellow and green needles, respectively. Tetracyclic triterpene alcohols and sterols were isolated from green needles. Triterpene alcohols were not found in yellow needles. For citation: Mikson D.S., Roshchin V.I. Hydrocarbons and Ethers of Extractive Substances of Siberian Larch Needles. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 3, pp. 170–185. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-170-185

Determination of main raw material source in bar soaps using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with classification tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 106029
Author(s):  
Diego Maciel Gerônimo ◽  
Sheila Catarina de Oliveira ◽  
Frederico Luis Felipe Soares ◽  
Patricio Peralta-Zamora ◽  
Noemi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mid Infrared Spectroscopy

scholarly journals Investigating microcrystalline cellulose crystallinity using Raman spectroscopy

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza P. Queiroz ◽  
Brian M. Kerins ◽  
Jayprakash Yadav ◽  
Fatma Farag ◽  
Waleed Faisal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
General Reference ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Univariate Model

AbstractMicrocrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a semi-crystalline material with inherent variable crystallinity due to raw material source and variable manufacturing conditions. MCC crystallinity variability can result in downstream process variability. The aim of this study was to develop models to determine MCC crystallinity index (%CI) from Raman spectra of 30 commercial batches using Raman probes with spot sizes of 100 µm (MR probe) and 6 mm (PhAT probe). A principal component analysis model separated Raman spectra of the same samples captured using the different probes. The %CI was determined using a previously reported univariate model based on the ratio of the peaks at 380 and 1096 cm−1. The univariate model was adjusted for each probe. The %CI was also predicted from spectral data from each probe using partial least squares regression models (where Raman spectra and univariate %CI were the dependent and independent variables, respectively). Both models showed adequate predictive power. For these models a general reference amorphous spectrum was proposed for each instrument. The development of the PLS model substantially reduced the analysis time as it eliminates the need for spectral deconvolution. A web application containing all the models was developed. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Black shale ore of Big Karatau is a raw material source of rare and rare earth elements

2021 ◽  
pp. 105733
Author(s):  
B.K. Kenzhaliyev ◽  
T. Yu Surkovа ◽  
M.N. Azlan ◽  
S.B. Yulusov ◽  
B.M. Sukurov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source

Deactivation of Red Mud by Primary Aluminum Production Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1040 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Piirainen ◽  
A.A. Barinkova ◽  
V.N. Starovoytov ◽  
V.M. Barinkov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Primary Aluminum Production ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

Current global environmental challenges and, above all, global warming associated with a change in the carbon balance in the atmosphere has led to the need for urgent and rapid search for ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, which primarily include carbon dioxide as a by-product of human activity and technological progress. One of these ways is the creation of industries with a complete cycle of turnover of carbon dioxide. Aluminum is the most sought-after nonferrous metal in the world, but its production is not environmentally safe, so it constantly requires the development of knowledge-intensive technologies to improve the technological process of cleaning and disposal of production waste, primarily harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Another environmental problem related to aluminum production is the formation and accumulation in mud lagoon of huge amounts of so-called highly alkaline "red mud," which is a waste product of natural bauxite raw material processing into alumina - the feedstock for aluminum production. Commonly known resources and technological methods of neutralizing red mud and working with it as ore materials for further extraction of useful components are still not used because of their low productivity and cost-effectiveness. This article describes the negative impact of waste in the form of "red" mud and carbon dioxide of primary aluminum production on the environment. The results showed that thanks to carbonization of red mud using carbon dioxide, it is possible to achieve rapid curing and its compact formation for safer transportation and storage until further use. Strength tests of concrete samples filled with deactivated red mud were also carried out, which showed the prospects of using concrete with magnesia binder.

Copernicus data to boost raw material source management: Illustrations from the RawMatCop programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 102384
Author(s):  
Sara Kasmaeeyazdi ◽  
Mehdi Abdolmaleki ◽  
Elsy Ibrahim ◽  
Jingyi Jiang ◽  
Ignacio Marzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Source Management

scholarly journals Greenhouse Tomato Producers’ Views on Soilless Agriculture in Antalya

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Bilge Gözener ◽  
Halime Dereli
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Tomato Paste ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable

Tomato comes as the most commonly produced, consumed and subject for trading in the world. Alongside fresh consumption, on the other hand it forms the most significant raw material source of food industry, especially for tomato paste, frozen and dried vegetable-fruit and canned food industry. Turkey's greenhouse vegetable production field for 2016 year is 675173 decars and Antalya forms 51% of this field. Tomato forms 61.72% of Antalya's greenhouse production. The main material of the research consists of interviews made with producers resided in 5 villages/towns, where greenhouse tomato production is carried out densely in Antalya city, Alanya district. In 48 villages and towns, greenhouse tomato production is carried out, according to the official records. In the chosen areas, 365 producers exist. 20% of these producers (73) form the sample size. In the research, it was determined that the producers' average agricultural land possession is 9.13 decars and in 40.53% of these areas they grew tomatoes. None of these producers are engaged in contractual growing. All of the yield is produced for the edible (as table-top item). After the harvest, all of the products are sold in the wholesales market in county and city. 7.89% of the producers have no information on soilless agriculture, as 10.52% of them think that it has no advantages and 73.36% of them recommend traditional agriculture.

scholarly journals Growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on different composition of faba kerbstone artificial reef

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruly Isfatul khasanah ◽  
ENDANG YULI HERAWATI ◽  
ANIK MARTINAH HARIATI ◽  
MOHAMMAD MAHMUDI ◽  
AIDA SARTIMBUL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Acropora Formosa

Abstract. Khasanah RI, Herawati EY, Hariati AM, Mahmudi M, Sartimbul A, Wiadnya DGR, Asrial E, Yudatomo, Nabil R. 2019. Growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on different compositions of faba kerbstone artificial reef. Biodiversitas 20: 3593-3598. A counter measure and an alternative technique to reduce coral reef destruction is through transplantation, which requires the relocation or cutting of a live coral, planted in a designated place containing damaged varieties. Faba kerbstone is a product innovation similar to paving block/brick, made from fly and bottom ash (FABA), which is the dominant waste product from PT Jawa Power, Probolinggo, Indonesia. In addition, it has also been widely utilized as a raw material in the creation of paving and concrete blocks, composed by harmless material, with a length, width, and height of 40, 25 and 15 cm, respectively. This study aims to observe the growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on a faba kerbstone, using five different fly and bottom ash compositions: K1 = 0% Fa, K2 = 25% Fa and 75% Ba, K3 = 50% FA and 50% Ba, K4 = 75% Fa and 25% Ba, while K5 = 100% Fa and 0% Ba. Furthermore, the observations were conducted underwater, using scuba diving for six months, observing the parameters of fragment length, colony diameter, and branches number. In addition, the highest elongation rate of A. formosa coral fragments was identified at K2 (1.313 ± 0.447 cm/month), and K1 (1.185 ± 0.642 cm/month), while the most significant increment in colony diameter was observed in K2 (0.077 ± 0.060 cm/month) and K1 (0.063 ± 0.071 cm/month), and the largest number of branches was also found in K2 (29.50 or 4.28 branches/month) and K1 (25.25 or 3.67 branches/month). Furthermore, the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05) showed was no significant difference in the fragments elongation and colony diameters in the K1 and K2 models, although there was substantial variation from the K3, K4, and K5.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Material Based on Red Clay and Silica Gel Precursor

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 931-943
Author(s):  
Girts Bumanis ◽  
Danute Vaiciukyniene
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Alkali Activated

Abstract The search for alternative alumosilicates source for production of alkali activated materials (AAM) is intensively researched. Wide spread of natural materials such as clays and waste materials are one of potential alternatives. In this research AAM was made from local waste brick made of red clay and calcined low-carbonate illite clay precursor and its properties evaluated. Waste silica gel containing amorphous silica from fertilizer production plant was proposed as additional raw material. 6 M and 7 M NaOH alkali activation solutions were used to obtain AAM. Raw materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, laser particle size analyser, DTA/TG. Raw illite clay was calcined at a temperature of 700 to 800 °C. Waste brick was ground similar as raw clay and powder was obtained. Replacement of red clay with silica gel from 2–50 wt.% in mixture composition was evaluated. Results indicate that the most effective activator was 6 M NaOH solution and AAM with strength up to 13 MPa was obtained. Ground brick had the highest strength results and compressive strength of AAM reached 25 MPa. Silica gel in small quantities had little effect of AAM strength while significant strength reduction was observed with the increase silica gel content. The efflorescence was observed for samples with silica gel.

scholarly journals CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF PURE SQUALENE BY USING COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dosis Undjung
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Continuous System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Shark Liver Oil ◽  
Heater Tube

The purpose of this research was to produce pure Squalene using the Chromatography Column of Continuous System, so that it will be applicable in home industry. The raw material was a Shark caught from the sea water in Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan. The result of this research concludes that the Column Chromatography of Continuous System in the experiment was able to produce pure Squalene with the level of purification of 79.89 % out of raw material was as long 180 minutes, by the elution speed of 4 mL per minute, and the eluen (liquid of the raw material) needed was as much as 900 mL, the solution lost (2 % of dietil eter in benzene) during the process was 2.04 %, the temperature in the heater tube was 110 oC, the number of the Silica gel G 40 types as what so-called solid phase in this process to purify 90 g of raw material was 90 g, and the amount of the solution remained in the pure Squalene was 1.5 ppm. Column Chromatography of Continuous System may be applicable in home industry to produce pure Squalene from Shark Liver Oil, the materials and equipment for this activity can be easily found as they are available in markets. A further analysis is needed to find out of contained compound for its further use.   Keywords: pure squalene, continuous system, column chromatography

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