scholarly journals Heart rate conditioning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and not in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-348
Author(s):  
Richard T. Erspamer ◽  
Merle E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Heart Rate Conditioning ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Microflora of the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Goldfish (Carassius auratus), and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1174-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Trust ◽  
L. M. Bull ◽  
B. R. Currie ◽  
J. T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microflora

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bred in Arkansas and maintained in British Columbia under defined culture conditions on pelleted diets and on aquatic weeds, were examined to determine their commensal gastrointestinal bacterial flora. Using anaerobic incubation, the total bacterial numbers cultured ranged from 6 × 104 to 4 × 108 (average 4 × 106) per g of alimentary tract plus contents. Obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated and identified as species of Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus. This is the first description of the presence of these strictly anaerobic organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Indeed, many of the anaerobes isolated did not conform to previously described species. Members of the Genus Clostridium were also isolated by enrichment culture and appeared to be associated with a pond weed diet. A wide variety of facultative anaerobic bacteria were also isolated, with Aeromonas hydrophila predominating. The gastrointestinal tracts of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were also found to contain sizable numbers of obligate anaerobes, but the gastrointestinal tracts of hatchery-cultured rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) contained insignificant numbers. Key words: grass carp, anaerobic bacteria, gastrointestinal microflora, Aeromonas hydrophila, rainbow trout, goldfish

Thermoacclimatory Variation in the Haemoglobin Systems of Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
A. H. HOUSTON ◽  
D. CYR
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Total Haemoglobin

Significant increases in total haemoglobin concentrations, and microhaematocrit values were associated with acclimation of rainbow trout and goldfish to increased temperature. Goldfish held at 2°C were characterized by two haemoglobin components, whereas those acclimated to 20° and 35°C exhibited three. Nine haemoglobin variants were observed in trout at 2°, 10° and 18°C. The data provide evidence that both species selectively alter the concentrations of specific haemoglobin fractions during the thermoacclimatory process.

The ontogeny of ultraviolet photosensitivity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Hawryshyn ◽  
Margaret G. Arnold ◽  
Duane J. Chaisson ◽  
Patricia C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Heart Rate Conditioning ◽  
Sensitivity Peak ◽  
Ocular Media

AbstractThe present study examines the changes in ultraviolet (UV) photosensitivity that occur during the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). A comparison of the ocular media transmission of small (n = 3) and large (n = 3) trout eyes did not reveal large changes in the transmission of UV radiation through the eye. We used the heart-rate conditioning technique to measure spectral sensitivity in immobilized trout. Four trout, each weighing less than 30 g, exhibited a UV-sensitivity peak at 360 nm while four additional trout weighing more than 60 g each exhibited no evidence of UV sensitivity. Spectral-sensitivity measurements of two trout weighing 44 g and 60 g revealed UV sensitivity, but when measured one month later (after a 25% increase in body weight) both fish exhibited no UV-sensitivity peak. At this time their sensitivity appeared to conform to the known blue-sensitive cone mechanism.

Application of Hormones in Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 948-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumio Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Methyltestosterone, when incorporated in the diet at a concentration of 1 ppm, accelerated the growth of goldfish (Carassius auratus), horai masu, a variant of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka). Simultaneous acceleration in the growth of the testes was also observed in some of the horai masu. Administration of 5 ppm methyltestosterone or diethylstilbestrol in the diet combined with injection of salmon gonadotropin was effective in accelerating the sexual maturation of rainbow trout. However, a concentration of 50 ppm methyltestosterone inhibited gonadal development if the treatment was initiated shortly after hatching and continued for a period of 5 mo. The fish thus treated were found to have threadlike gonads even after 3 yr. Courtship behavior and feeding behavior were also influenced by methyltestosterone treatment. The sex ratio of zebra fish (Zebrafario) and rainbow trout was altered when the administration of methyltestosterone was initiated just after hatching. This suggests a strong possibility of introducing sex reversal or mono sex culture in these important commercially raised fish. Results with the cobalt variant of rainbow trout, a fish lacking a complete pituitary and found only with immature gonads, suggest that this animal may be a promising model for future studies in fish endocrinology.

Specimen Weight and M.S. 222

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1403-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Houston ◽  
J. T. Corlett ◽  
R. J. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Specimen Weight ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
The Relationship

The influence of specimen weight upon induction of and recovery from Stage I M.S. 222 (ethyl m-aminobenzoate methanesulphonate) was examined in goldfish (Carassius auratus), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to various anesthetic concentration–temperature combinations. Both induction and recovery times varied inversely with weight, the influence of weight being particularly pronounced among smaller specimens. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that attainment of "critical" internal anesthetic concentration is influenced by weight-specific variation in the relationship between gill area and extracellular phase volume.

The relationship between responsiveness and elusiveness of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) to attacks by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Webb ◽  
Hongbao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Escape Velocity ◽  
Reaction Distance ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Relationship

We measured reaction distance, escape velocity, and the apparent looming threshold (ALT) of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) attacked by trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We tested fish at the acclimation temperature of 15 °C after heat-shocking prey for 2 min at temperatures ranging from 34 to 39 °C. Escape speeds were unaffected by heat shock. Reaction distance decreased from about 21 cm for fish shocked at 35 °C to about 6 cm for those shocked at 39 °C. ALT increased from 0.2 rad∙s−1 for controls to 0.4 rad∙s−1 for goldfish heat-shocked at 39 °C. The elusiveness of prey, E, was measured as the number of attacks required per prey capture. E was related to ALT as: E = 1.29 (±0.47)∙ALT−0.82(±0.25) (mean (±2 SE)). Factors that decrease responsiveness of prey have large effects on the ability of prey to avoid predators.

Levels of steroids, including cortisol and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, in plasma, seminal fluid, and urine of Pacific herring (Clupea hareng us pallasi) and North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Scott ◽  
A. V. M. Canario ◽  
Nancy M. Sherwood ◽  
Carol M. Warby
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Pleuronectes Platessa ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Séminal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Urine Contamination

In an accompanying paper we report that herring milt contains high concentrations of conjugated cortisol and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. We suggest that one source of these steroids was the urine, which could have become mixed with the milt during the hand-stripping procedure. In the present study, samples of hand-stripped milt from several other species, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), dab (Limanda limanda), flounder (Platichthys flesus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri), were assayed for free and conjugated cortisol. Uncontaminated samples of plasma, seminal fluid, and urine of male herring and plaice were also assayed for free and conjugated cortisol (both species), 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (herring only), 17α,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, and 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (plaice only). The results showed that hand-stripped milt from these other species, excluding rainbow trout (from which it was possible to obtain urine-free milt), also had markedly high levels of conjugated cortisol (200–1000 ng∙mL−1). Urine of herring and plaice had particularly high levels of conjugated cortisol (ca. 5 μg∙mL−1). Uncontaminated seminal fluid from herring, but not from plaice, also had high levels of conjugated cortisol (ca. 2 μg∙mL−1). Urine and plasma, but not seminal fluid, of herring had elevated levels of conjugated 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Urine, but not plasma or seminal fluid, of male plaice had elevated levels of 17α,20α -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one. It would appear that fish urine is a rich source of conjugated steroids and that care must be taken, when collecting milt for pheromone studies, to avoid urine contamination.

The influence of temperature and anaemia on the adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms controlling heart rate in the rainbow trout

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2440-2447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Wood ◽  
Patricia Pieprzak ◽  
J. N. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanisms ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanism ◽  
Cholinergic Tone ◽  
C 30

The capacity for cardioacceleration by adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms was studied in resting rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, at 5, 12, and 20 °C. The trout were fitted with chronic dorsal aortic catheters for heart rate and blood pressure measurements. At all three temperatures, muscarinic cholinergic blockade with atropine caused substantial tachycardia, thereby indicating the presence of cholinergic vagal tone in resting animals. The relative effect of atropine was significantly greater at 5 °C (+53% of resting heart rate) than at 12 and 20 °C (≈ +30%). Maximal adrenergic stimulation (via adrenaline) after atropine caused a small further cardioacceleration at all temperatures. The adrenaline effect increased significantly from +8% (of resting heart rate) at 5 °C to +15% at 20 °C. The findings provide qualified support for the hypothesis that a reduction in vagal cholinergic activity is relatively more important in tachycardia at low temperature, and that adrenergic stimulation is relatively more important at high temperature, although the cardioacceleratory capacity of the cholinergic mechanism remains dominant throughout. The increase in heart rate accompanying experimental anaemia (haematocrit ≤ 6%) at all three temperatures was almost entirely due to a removal of vagal cholinergic tone; the contribution of adrenergic mechanisms, if any, was small.

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