scholarly journals Effects of conflict trial proportion: A comparison of the Eriksen and Simon tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin M. Bausenhart ◽  
Rolf Ulrich ◽  
Jeff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Order Task ◽  
Present Design ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Adaptation Effects

AbstractTwo experiments examined global and local behavioral adaptation effects within and across the Eriksen task, where conflict is based on stimulus letter identities, and the Simon task, where conflict is based on stimulus and response locations. Trials of the two tasks were randomly intermixed, and the list-wide proportion of congruent trials was varied in both tasks (Experiment 1) or in just one task (Experiment 2). The global adaptation effect of list-wide congruency proportion (LWPC effect) was at least as large in the Simon task as in the Eriksen task. Likewise, the local adaptation effect of previous-trial congruency (Gratton effect) was at least as large in the Simon task as in the Eriksen task. In contrast to prior studies investigating transfer across Stroop and Simon tasks, there was no dissociation between global and local adaptation effects regarding their transfer across the different conflict tasks. In fact, both local and global adaptation effects appeared largely task-specific, because there was no or only little transfer of either Gratton effects or LWPC effects from the Eriksen to the Simon task or vice versa. On the whole, the results suggest that behavioral adaptation observed in the present design does not carry over from one of these tasks to the other, suggesting no involvement of a higher-order, task-general mechanism of cognitive control.

scholarly journals Visual body size adaptation and estimation of tactile distance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Zopf ◽  
Veronika Kosourikhina ◽  
Kevin R. Brooks ◽  
Vince Polito ◽  
Ian Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adaptation Effects

Estimating the size of bodies is crucial for interactions with physical and social environments. Body size perception is malleable and can be altered using visual adaptation paradigms. However, it is unclear whether such visual adaptation effects also transfer to other modalities and influence, for example, the perception of tactile distances. In this study we employed a visual adaptation paradigm. Participants were exposed to images of expanded or contracted versions of self- or other-identity bodies. Before and after this adaptation they were asked to manipulate the width of body images to appear as “normal” as possible. We replicated an effect of visual adaptation, such that the body size selected as most “normal” was larger after exposure to expanded and thinner after exposure to contracted adaptation stimuli. In contrast, we did not find evidence that this adaptation effect transfers to distance estimates for paired tactile stimuli delivered to the abdomen. A Bayesian analysis showed that our data provide moderate evidence that there is no effect of visual body size adaptation on the estimation of spatial parameters in a tactile task. This suggests that visual body size adaptation effects do not transfer to somatosensory body size representations.

scholarly journals The Carry-Over Effect of Competition in Task-Sharing: Evidence from the Joint Simon Task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e97991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Iani ◽  
Filomena Anelli ◽  
Roberto Nicoletti ◽  
Sandro Rubichi
Keyword(s):  
Simon Task ◽  
Task Sharing ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Carry Over Effect

Representation of Action in Occipito-temporal Cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1765-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Wiggett ◽  
Paul E. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lateral Occipital Complex ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adaptation Effects

A fundamental question for social cognitive neuroscience is how and where in the brain the identities and actions of others are represented. Here we present a replication and extension of a study by Kable and Chatterjee [Kable, J. W., & Chatterjee, A. Specificity of action representations in the lateral occipito-temporal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1498–1517, 2006] examining the role of occipito-temporal cortex in these processes. We presented full-cue movies of actors performing whole-body actions and used fMRI to test for action- and identity-specific adaptation effects. We examined a series of functionally defined regions, including the extrastriate and fusiform body areas, the fusiform face area, the parahippocampal place area, the lateral occipital complex, the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, and motion-selective area hMT+. These regions were analyzed with both standard univariate measures as well as multivoxel pattern analyses. Additionally, we performed whole-brain tests for significant adaptation effects. We found significant action-specific adaptation in many areas, but no evidence for identity-specific adaptation. We argue that this finding could be explained by differences in the familiarity of the stimuli presented: The actions shown were familiar but the actors performing the actions were unfamiliar. However, in contrast to previous findings, we found that the action adaptation effect could not be conclusively tied to specific functionally defined regions. Instead, our results suggest that the adaptation to previously seen actions across identities is a widespread effect, evident across lateral and ventral occipito-temporal cortex.

Adaptation Effects in Central Binocular Flicker Discrimination of Brain-Damaged Subjects

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian M. Burn ◽  
Oscar A. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Flickering Light ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adaptation Effects

The role of local adaptation in flicker discrimination of brain-damaged ( N = 16) and control ( N = 16) Ss was investigated. Male adult patient's central binocular thresholds were measured before and after visual stimulation by a coarsely flickering light (10 cps) over 20 trials. In both groups there were significantly lower thresholds after stimulation and a progressive drop in both pre- and post-stimulation thresholds over trials. However, there were no significant group interactions. The methodological, empirical, and theoretical implications of these results are noted.

Spatial Frequency-Specific Contrast Adaptation Originates in the Primary Visual Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thang Duong ◽  
Ralph D. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Contrast Adaptation ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
High Contrast Grating ◽  
Adaptation Effects

Adaptation to a high-contrast grating stimulus causes reduced sensitivity to subsequent presentation of a visual stimulus with similar spatial characteristics. This behavioral finding has been attributed by neurophysiological studies to processes within the visual cortex. However, some evidence indicates that contrast adaptation phenomena are also found in early visual pathways. Adaptation effects have been reported in retina and lateral geniculation nucleus (LGN). It is possible that these early pathways could be the physiological origin of the cortical adaptation effect. To study this, we recorded from single neurons in the cat's LGN. We find that contrast adaptation in the LGN, unlike that in the visual cortex, is not spatial frequency specific, i.e., adaptation effects apply to a broad range of spatial frequencies. In addition, aside from the amplitude attenuation, the shape of spatial frequency tuning curves of LGN cells is not affected by contrast adaptation. Again, these findings are unlike those found for cells in the visual cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that pattern specific contrast adaptation is a cortical process.

Dynamic Adjustments of Cognitive Control: Oscillatory Correlates of the Conflict Adaptation Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2167-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Pastötter ◽  
Gesine Dreisbach ◽  
Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
A Current ◽  
Adaptation Effects

It is a prominent idea that cognitive control mediates conflict adaptation, in that response conflict in a previous trial triggers control adjustments that reduce conflict in a current trial. In the present EEG study, we investigated the dynamics of cognitive control in a response-priming task by examining the effects of previous trial conflict on intertrial and current trial oscillatory brain activities, both on the electrode and the source level. Behavioral results showed conflict adaptation effects for RTs and response accuracy. Physiological results showed sustained intertrial effects in left parietal theta power, originating in the left inferior parietal cortex, and midcentral beta power, originating in the left and right (pre)motor cortex. Moreover, physiological analysis revealed a current trial conflict adaptation effect in midfrontal theta power, originating in the ACC. Correlational analyses showed that intertrial effects predicted conflict-induced midfrontal theta power in currently incongruent trials. In addition, conflict adaptation effects in midfrontal theta power and RTs were positively related. Together, these findings point to a dynamic cognitive control system that, as a function of previous trial type, up- and down-regulates attention and preparatory motor activities in anticipation of the next trial.

Orientation-Specific Adaptation: Effects of Checkerboards on the Detectability of Gratings

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Green
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Local Feature ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation Experiment ◽  
Adaptation Effects

The predictive values of Fourier analysis and local-feature analysis of spatial stimuli were compared in an orientation-specific adaptation experiment. Observers adapted to checkerboard patterns, which have fundamental Fourier components oriented 45° away from the edges. Detection of gratings was found to be maximally impaired when fundamental Fourier components of adaptation and test patterns were in the same orientation and minimal when edges were aligned. The orientation spread and amount of adaptation effect were similar to that found in previous experiments which employed sinusoids as adaptation and test stimuli.

Global and Local Stability Checking Method of Natural Draft Cooling Towers during Construction

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 3009-3014
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Heng Le Wang
Keyword(s):  
Local Stability ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Design Strength ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Present Design ◽  
Topmost Layer ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Tower Height

Checking the global and local stability of cooling towers during construction is very important to construction safety and reasonable construction process. On the basis of existing researches and by combining the checking method of global and local stability of cooling towers in operation period given in the present design code, this paper presents a method with implementation steps to check the global and local stability of cooling towers during construction. The method is verified to be simple and effective by a cooling tower example. The example analysis indicates that the global stability of cooling towers decreases with the construction height and achieves the minimum when the topmost layer is just built, though it increases bit when all concrete layers reach the design strength. The local stability of cooling towers during construction is poor in the range of 1/5 to 3/5 tower height and should be paid great attention during construction.

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