Evaluation of Effect Coefficient for Each Factor Affecting Time Variations in Underground Muon Count Rate

ABSTRACTSaturn's broad E ring, the narrow G ring and the structured and apparently time variable F ring(s), contain many micron and sub-micron sized particles, which make up the “visible” component. These rings (or ring systems) are in direct contact with magnetospheric plasma. Fluctuations in the plasma density and/or mean energy, due to magnetospheric and solar wind processes, may induce stochastic charge variations on the dust particles, which in turn lead to an orbit perturbation and spatial diffusion. It is suggested that the extent of the E ring and the braided, kinky structure of certain portions of the F rings as well as possible time variations are a result of plasma induced electromagnetic perturbations and drag forces. The G ring, in this scenario, requires some form of shepherding and should be akin to the F ring in structure. Sputtering of micron-sized dust particles in the E ring by magnetospheric ions yields lifetimes of 102to 104years. This effect as well as the plasma induced transport processes require an active source for the E ring, probably Enceladus.

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The use of a Bent Grid to Improve the take-Off Angle for Electron Probe Analysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100091780 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 360-361

Author(s):

Delbert E. Philpott ◽

David Leaffer

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Tilt Angle ◽

Count Rate ◽

Electron Probe ◽

Open Area ◽

Electron Probe Analysis ◽

Background Ratio ◽

Probe Analysis

There are certain advantages for electron probe analysis if the sample can be tilted directly towards the detector. The count rate is higher, it optimizes the geometry since only one angle need be taken into account for quantitative analysis and the signal to background ratio is improved. The need for less tilt angle may be an advantage because the grid bars are not moved quite as close to each other, leaving a little more open area for observation. Our present detector (EDAX) and microscope (Philips 300) combination precludes moving the detector behind the microscope where it would point directly at the grid. Therefore, the angle of the specimen was changed in order to optimize the geometry between the specimen and the detector.

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Direct Assessment of Effective Renal Plasma Flow from Renoscintigraphy with a Gamma Camera and an On-Line Computer

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1620658 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 20 (06) ◽

pp. 274-278

Author(s):

J. Liniecki ◽

J. Bialobrzeski ◽

Ewa Mlodkowska ◽

M. J. Surma

Keyword(s):

Count Rate ◽

Renal Plasma Flow ◽

Early Period ◽

Least Square Method ◽

Least Square ◽

Uptake Coefficient ◽

Positive Linear Correlation ◽

On Line ◽

Best Fit ◽

Plasma Activity

A concept of a kidney uptake coefficient (UC) of 131I-o-hippurate was developed by analogy from the corresponding kidney clearance of blood plasma in the early period after injection of the hippurate. The UC for each kidney was defined as the count-rate over its ROI at a time shorter than the peak in the renoscintigraphic curve divided by the integral of the count-rate curve over the "blood"-ROI. A procedure for normalization of both curves against each other was also developed. The total kidney clearance of the hippurate was determined from the function of plasma activity concentration vs. time after a single injection; the determinations were made at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after intravenous administration of 131I-o-hippurate and the best-fit curve was obtained by means of the least-square method. When the UC was related to the absolute value of the clearance a positive linear correlation was found (r = 0.922, ρ > 0.99). Using this regression equation the clearance could be estimated in reverse from the uptake coefficient calculated solely on the basis of the renoscintigraphic curves without blood sampling. The errors of the estimate are compatible with the requirement of a fast appraisal of renal function for purposes of clinical diagknosis.

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Innovation of Natural Preservation of Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Using Coconut Coconut Ashes with Drying Time Variations on Hedonics

Serambi Journal of Agricultural Technology ◽

10.32672/sjat.v2i2.2433 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rika Agustina ◽

Rita Sunartaty ◽

Teuku Makmur

Keyword(s):

Research Design ◽

Block Design ◽

Drying Time ◽

Basic Ingredient ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Salt Substitute ◽

Long Time ◽

Time Variations ◽

Rastrelliger Kanagurta

Coconut frond ash is one of the wastes from coconut trees which has not been maximally utilized. Coconut frond ash contains MgCl2 and KCl so that it can be used as a salt substitute in the process of preserving fish. In this study coconut frond ash was used as a basic ingredient for making dried mackerel with a long time of drying to storage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying time on mackerel storage. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with 2 factors studied. The first factor is the drying time consists of 3 levels, namely P1 = 3 days, P2 = 4 days, P3 = 5 days. The second factor is storage which consists of 3 levels, namely S1 = 30 days, S2 = 60 days, S3 = 90 days. Each treatment was repeated 2 times to obtain 18 experimental units to observed hedonic tests. From the results of the study it can be stated that the treatment has a very significant effect (P≥0.01) on the hedonic test which includes (color, aroma, taste and texture).

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Interpretation of time variations of particle-borne radioactivity

Tellus ◽

10.3402/tellusa.v23i4-5.10525 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 23 (4-5) ◽

pp. 462-462

Author(s):

Henning Rodhe

Keyword(s):

Time Variations

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Electromagnetic Radiation

10.1093/oso/9780198726500.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Richard R. Freeman ◽

James A. King ◽

Gregory P. Lafyatis

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Radiation ◽

Energy Transport ◽

Radiation Reaction ◽

Classical Electrodynamics ◽

X Rays ◽

Field Equations ◽

Radio Frequency Radiation ◽

Relativistic Treatment ◽

Time Variations ◽

Radiation Science

Electromagnetic Radiation is a graduate level book on classical electrodynamics with a strong emphasis on radiation. This book is meant to quickly and efficiently introduce students to the electromagnetic radiation science essential to a practicing physicist. While a major focus is on light and its interactions, topics in radio frequency radiation, x-rays, and beyond are also treated. Special emphasis is placed on applications, with many exercises and homework problems. The format of the book is designed to convey the basic concepts of a topic in the main central text in the book in a mathematically rigorous manner, but with detailed derivations routinely relegated to the accompanying side notes or end of chapter “Discussions.” The book is composed of four parts: Part I is a review of basic E&M, and assumes the reader has a had a good upper division undergraduate course, and while it offers a concise review of topics covered in such a course, it does not treat any given topic in detail; specifically electro- and magnetostatics. Part II addresses the origins of radiation in terms of time variations of charge and current densities within the source, and presents Jefimenko’s field equations as derived from retarded potentials. Part III introduces special relativity and its deep connection to Maxwell’s equations, together with an introduction to relativistic field theory, as well as the relativistic treatment of radiation from an arbitrarily accelerating charge. A highlight of this part is a chapter on the still partially unresolved problem of radiation reaction on an accelerating charge. Part IV treats the practical problems of electromagnetic radiation interacting with matter, with chapters on energy transport, scattering, diffraction and finally an illuminating, application-oriented treatment of fields in confined environments.

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Collection and counting efficiency

10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

A. G. Wright

Keyword(s):

Quantum Efficiency ◽

Standard Method ◽

Shot Noise ◽

Count Rate ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Collection Efficiency ◽

Counting Efficiency ◽

Single Electron ◽

Anode Current ◽

Secondary Electrons

Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε‎, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.

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New Limit on Space-Time Variations in the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Analysis of Quasar J110325-264515 Spectra

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12030344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

T. D. Le

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Structure Constant ◽

Space Time ◽

Fine Structure Constant ◽

Electron Mass ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Quasar Spectra ◽

Time Variations ◽

Using Data ◽

The Universe

Astrophysical tests of current values for dimensionless constants known on Earth, such as the fine-structure constant, α , and proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ = m p / m e , are communicated using data from high-resolution quasar spectra in different regions or epochs of the universe. The symmetry wavelengths of [Fe II] lines from redshifted quasar spectra of J110325-264515 and their corresponding values in the laboratory were combined to find a new limit on space-time variations in the proton-to-electron mass ratio, ∆ μ / μ = ( 0.096 ± 0.182 ) × 10 − 7 . The results show how the indicated astrophysical observations can further improve the accuracy and space-time variations of physics constants.

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