scholarly journals From Family Crisis to State Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2021/1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mátyás Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Family Crisis ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
Shed Light

Former Yan (285/337–370) was a state in Northeast China established by the Murong branch of the Xianbei, a partly nomadic people who had settled on the Chinese frontier in the 220s. The Murong gradually accommodated themselves to Chinese ways and, having defeated their rivals along the frontier by the 340s, became a major power in North China. A decade later they destroyed the states which had been strongest north of the Yellow River (Later Zhao 319–351) and their ruler assumed imperial dignity. By this time they were close to becoming the masters of North China. Schreiber explains one of the secrets of their success by arguing that the creation and the conduct of the Yan government was “a family affair”. He claimed that the Yan was a stable state, relatively free of internal turmoil and civil war. However, deteriorating family relations within the ruling elite, which did not lead to serious armed conflict but dragged on for about two decades, played a major role in the demise of their state. In the present paper I examine the causes of this deterioration and attempt to shed light on the connections between the crisis it caused and earlier attempts to forestall such a crisis.

scholarly journals Breathing-driven prefrontal oscillations regulate maintenance of conditioned-fear evoked freezing independently of initiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Bagur ◽  
Julie M. Lefort ◽  
Marie M. Lacroix ◽  
Gaëtan de Lavilléon ◽  
Cyril Herry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractBrain–body interactions are thought to be essential in emotions but their physiological basis remains poorly understood. In mice, regular 4 Hz breathing appears during freezing after cue-fear conditioning. Here we show that the olfactory bulb (OB) transmits this rhythm to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) where it organizes neural activity. Reduction of the respiratory-related 4 Hz oscillation, via bulbectomy or optogenetic perturbation of the OB, reduces freezing. Behavioural modelling shows that this is due to a specific reduction in freezing maintenance without impacting its initiation, thus dissociating these two phenomena. dmPFC LFP and firing patterns support the region’s specific function in freezing maintenance. In particular, population analysis reveals that network activity tracks 4 Hz power dynamics during freezing and reaches a stable state at 4 Hz peak that lasts until freezing termination. These results provide a potential mechanism and a functional role for bodily feedback in emotions and therefore shed light on the historical James–Cannon debate.

الأمر بالعشرة بالمعروف في القرآن الكريم وأثره على العلاقات الأسرية

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
علي عبد العزيز سيور
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Knowledge System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Text ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

يجيب البحث عن إشكالية تتعلق بالعلاقات الأسرية من جهة الاحتكام للأعراف في النفقة والمسكن والملبس وغيرها، مما يترتب على ذلك خلافات تفضي ببعضها إلى المحاكم، وقد تنتهي بالطلاق. وقد هدف البحث إلى : 1 ـ تقديم منظومة معرفية متعلقة بدلالات العشرة بالمعروف من أجل الإسهام في إعادة تشكيل عقلية ناضجة للزوجين تضبط العلاقة بينهما عند الخلاف. 2 ـ تسليط الضوء على أبعاد وحدود المعروف نصًا والمعروف عرفًا في الأسرة. 3 ـ التأكيد على أن العشرة بالمعروف متبادلة بين كل من الزوج والزوجة، لا يقتصر هذا التكليف على واحد دون الآخر. وقد اعتمدت المنهج الاستقرائي عبر جمع الايات القرآنية ذات الصلة وذكر أقوال المفسرين والفقهاء، والمنهج التحليلي في فهم دلالات الألفاظ وتوجيهات المفسرين، والمنهج الاستنباطي بغية الوصول إلى ضوابط جامعة تخدم الهدف العام للبحث، وانتهى البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات ومنها: اعتبار العرف الذي لا يخالف نصًا شرعيًا قاعدة من القواعد المعتبرة في ضبط العلاقات بين الزوجين. بشرط أن يقع تحت قدرة الزوج وطاقته، وأن يكون مما انتشر بين الناس، وينطبق على الأسرة مثله. القرآن الكريم ـ العشرة بالمعروف – العلاقة الأسرية – الحقوق بين الزوجين – العرف وأثره بين الزوجين. Summary The research answers a problem related to family relations in terms of resorting to customs in alimony, housing, clothing, and others...which results in disputes that may lead to some of them in the courts and may end in divorce. The aim of the research was to 1 - presenting a knowledge system related to the semantics of the good-natured in order to contribute to reshaping a mature mentality of the spouses that controls the relationship between them in the event of disagreement. 2 - and to shed light on the dimensions and limits of what is textually known and what is known by convention in the family. 3 - Emphasis on that good practice is mutual. Between both husband and wife, this assignment is not limited to one without the other. The inductive approach was adopted by collecting the relevant Qur’anic verses and mentioning the sayings of the commentators and jurists, the analytical approach in understanding the semantics of the words and the directives of the interpreters, and the deductive approach in order to reach comprehensive controls that serve the general objective of the research, and the research ended with a set of results and recommendations, including: Considering the custom that does not contradict A legal text is one of the considered rules in controlling relations between spouses. Provided that it falls under the husband’s ability and energy, and that it is something that has spread among people, and applies to the family like him. The Noble Qur’an - Ten Laws - Family Relationship - Rights between spouses - Custom and its effect between spouses.

Occurrence and risk assessment of acidic pharmaceuticals in the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River of north China

2010 ◽  
Vol 408 (16) ◽  
pp. 3139-3147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Guang-Guo Ying ◽  
Jian-Liang Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Bing Yang ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River

scholarly journals Modern Kazakhstan society and the problems of single mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
K.A. Avsydykova ◽  
◽  
A.S. Yelamanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Family Crisis ◽  
Single Parent Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
The Individual

The family is the main social institution that carries out spiritual, cultural, personal, physiological development of the individual. Global changes in recent years have led to the emergence of a family crisis, which has an impact on the institution of the family, family and marriage relations and causes public concern. The transformation of the Kazakhstan Family Institute has contributed to the emergence of negative trends, in addition to traditional types of family relations. One of them is an increase in the number of single- parent families consisting of single mothers.

WILD MAMMALS OF ANCIENT NORTH CHINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Lander ◽  
Katherine Brunson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Species Ranges ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Yellow River Valley ◽  
Ecological Information ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Difficult Cases

AbstractHuman activity has eliminated many of the natural lowland ecosystems of the Middle and Lower Yellow River Valley, and has modified the rest, making it difficult to understand what species are native to the region. As a step towards the reconstruction of these lost environments, this paper employs zooarchaeological and other evidence to identify the native mammals of the region. We provide basic ecological information about these animals and discuss controversial or difficult cases in more depth. Our goal is not only to study China's environmental history, but also to make clear that conventional understandings of species ranges are based on the distributions of animals in the modern period, when many had already been eliminated from large areas by human activity.

scholarly journals Ancient DNA Evidence from China Reveals the Expansion of Pacific Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1462-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Guoping Sun ◽  
Lele Ren ◽  
Haibing Yuan ◽  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
Dog Domestication

Abstract The ancestral homeland of Australian dingoes and Pacific dogs is proposed to be in South China. However, the location and timing of their dispersal and relationship to dog domestication is unclear. Here, we sequenced 7,000- to 2,000-year-old complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of 27 ancient canids (one gray wolf and 26 domestic dogs) from the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins (YYRB). These are the first complete ancient mtDNA of Chinese dogs from the cradle of early Chinese civilization. We found that most ancient dogs (18/26) belong to the haplogroup A1b lineage that is found in high frequency in present-day Australian dingoes and precolonial Pacific Island dogs but low frequency in present-day China. Particularly, a 7,000-year-old dog from the Tianluoshan site in Zhejiang province possesses a haplotype basal to the entire haplogroup A1b lineage. We propose that A1b lineage dogs were once widely distributed in the YYRB area. Following their dispersal to South China, and then into Southeast Asia, New Guinea and remote Oceania, they were largely replaced by dogs belonging to other lineages in the last 2,000 years in present-day China, especially North China.

The Definition of Civilians in Non-International Armed Conflicts

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Marquis Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

This article analyzes the perceptions of armed groups regarding the concept of civilians in non-international armed conflicts, through their codes of conduct and other commitments. It intends to shed light on the implementation by these non-state actors of the very critical principle of distinction, the exact articulation of is hotly debated in non-international armed conflict. It thus presents the different approaches to the principle of distinction in non-international armed conflict: the specific-act approach, the membership approach, the functional non-privileged combatancy approach, and the direct participation in hostilities with extended temporal scope in light of the commitments and undertakings of various armed groups. It concludes with the findings made on the basis of the study of the commitments made by armed groups, underlying in particular the issues that remain problematic regarding the principle of distinction in non-international armed conflict, as well as the issues on which a consensus in conceivable.

Global Political Order, Economic Change, and Armed Conflict: Coevolving Systems and the Use of Force

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Pollins
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Major Power ◽  
The Core ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Interstate Disputes ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Interstate System ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Several recent explanations for major-power war focus on purported cycles in global economic activity or in global political order. I shall argue that a better understanding of interrelationships among the economic long wave, the global leadership cycle, and armed conflict can be gained if we (1) expand the study of interstate conflict beyond the limited domain of great power or systemic wars and (2) treat the long wave and the leadership cycle as quasi-independent and interrelated processes, each contributing to the conflict dynamics of the interstate system. Theoretical foundations for these two recommendations are drawn from the core works in this field. A model based on this new approach is developed and tested empirically along with four formal representations of the core frameworks. Poisson regression is employed using data on interstate disputes (1816–1976) to test resulting hypotheses. Analysis shows that broadening the explanatory domains of existing frameworks is valid and that the “coevolving systems” model is measurably superior to all tested competitors. I conclude that these two global processes are best viewed as coevolving systems and that future studies of systemic conflict should take this approach.

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