scholarly journals Of time and things: uses of objects from Soviet mass graves

2017 ◽  
Vol N° 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
François-Xavier Nérard
Keyword(s):  
Mass Graves

O tym, co minęło, lecz nie zostało zapomniane: Badania archeologiczne na terenie byłego obozu zagłady w Treblince

2012 ◽  
pp. 83-118
Author(s):  
Caroline Sturdy Colls
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Answering Questions

Public impression of the Holocaust is unquestionably centred on knowledge about, and the image of, Auschwitz-Birkenau – the gas chambers, the crematoria, the systematic and industrialized killing of victims. Conversely, knowledge of the former extermination camp at Treblinka, which stands in stark contrast in terms of the visible evidence that survives pertaining to it, is less embedded in general public consciousness. As this paper argues, the contrasting level of knowledge about Auschwitz- Birkenau and Treblinka is centred upon the belief that physical evidence of the camps only survives when it is visible and above-ground. The perception of Treblinka as having been “destroyed” by the Nazis, and the belief that the bodies of all of the victims were cremated without trace, has resulted in a lack of investigation aimed at answering questions about the extent and nature of the camp, and the locations of mass graves and cremation pits. This paper discusses the evidence that demonstrates that traces of the camp do survive. It outlines how archival research and non-invasive archaeological survey has been used to re-evaluate the physical evidence pertaining to Treblinka in a way that respects Jewish Halacha Law. As well as facilitating spatial and temporal analysis of the former extermination camp, this survey has also revealed information about the cultural memory.

Stanisław Swianiewicz wobec mniejszości narodowych i wielokulturowości Kresów Wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (XXII) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Benon Gaziński ◽  
Maria Swianiewicz-Nagięć
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
History Of

In his article, authors deals with Stanisław Swianiewicz heritage. They point-out that it cannot be reduced to the famous episode of the Katyń massacre while he avoided death being sent to the Gwiezdowo station in the neighbourhood of the mass graves – the only one such a case. While settled in Vilnius, after the Bolshevik’s revolution, he became a Professor of the Stefan Batory University, dealing with the Soviet studies, history of ideas and economic thought. In the article – very little known – journalistic essays are overviewed as published by Swianiewicz in pre-war Vilnius press and dealing with the issue of the national and religious minorities of the Polish Eastern Borderlands.

Biases in machine learning models and big data analytics: The international criminal and humanitarian law implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (913) ◽  
pp. 199-234
Author(s):  
Nema Milaninia
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Mass Graves

AbstractAdvances in mobile phone technology and social media have created a world where the volume of information generated and shared is outpacing the ability of humans to review and use that data. Machine learning (ML) models and “big data” analytical tools have the power to ease that burden by making sense of this information and providing insights that might not otherwise exist. In the context of international criminal and human rights law, ML is being used for a variety of purposes, including to uncover mass graves in Mexico, find evidence of homes and schools destroyed in Darfur, detect fake videos and doctored evidence, predict the outcomes of judicial hearings at the European Court of Human Rights, and gather evidence of war crimes in Syria. ML models are also increasingly being incorporated by States into weapon systems in order to better enable targeting systems to distinguish between civilians, allied soldiers and enemy combatants or even inform decision-making for military attacks.The same technology, however, also comes with significant risks. ML models and big data analytics are highly susceptible to common human biases. As a result of these biases, ML models have the potential to reinforce and even accelerate existing racial, political or gender inequalities, and can also paint a misleading and distorted picture of the facts on the ground. This article discusses how common human biases can impact ML models and big data analytics, and examines what legal implications these biases can have under international criminal law and international humanitarian law.

An assessment of a massively parallel sequencing approach for the identification of individuals from mass graves of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (21) ◽  
pp. 2841-2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesc Calafell ◽  
Roger Anglada ◽  
Núria Bonet ◽  
Mercedes González-Ruiz ◽  
Gemma Prats-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Massively Parallel Sequencing ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Parallel Sequencing

scholarly journals The May 2015 boat crisis: the Rohingya in Aceh

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Thom
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Bangladeshi Migrants ◽  
East Asia Region ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
National Approach

The 2015 discovery of mass graves in Thailand’s Sadao district, on the border with Malaysia, led to a crack-down on people smugglers by the Thai and Malaysian authorities. Thousands of Rohingya (as well as Bangladeshi migrants) were left stranded in the Andaman Sea as smugglers abandoned their human cargo. Initially pushed back by the Thai, Malaysian and Indonesian navies, it was only after Indonesian fishermen rescued three boats that approximately 1,800 people were permitted to disembark in Indonesia’s Aceh province. The crisis in the Andaman Sea brought into sharp relief the fact that the South East Asia region lacks even the most basic regional protection (or cooperation) framework. While some states are still reticent, there have been attempts to improve government collaboration as demonstrated recently in the March 2016 Bali Declaration on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons, and Related Transnational Crime. This paper examines, however, how the ad hoc approach by Indonesia’s regions, in particular Aceh, to the treatment of the Rohingya who arrived in Aceh in May 2015, works against a comprehensive, national, rights-based approach to protect those seeking asylum in Indonesia. The paper explores the reasons why Aceh chose not to engage with the established practices for the treatment of asylum seekers in Indonesia and the human rights impacts this has had on those rescued. It concludes that the current situation in Aceh is not sustainable. The treatment of refugees in Aceh should be included in a broader national approach, commensurate with the treatment of refugees and asylum seekers throughout Indonesia, particularly if Indonesia is to develop a structured, rights-based approach to those seeking protection. This would then play a significant role in any future regional protection framework. 

scholarly journals En dynamisk kulturarv – Dybbøls 12 metamorfoser

1970 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Inge Andriansen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
North East ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

Dybbøl is the brow of a hill located about 30 km north-east of the border between Denmark and Germany. This area was once the former Danish Duchy of Schleswig, which was under German rule in the period from 1864 to 1920. Dybbøl was also the site of intense fighting during the Schleswig-Holstein Revolt of 1848–50 and the Danish-German War of 1864. There are remains of both Danish and German fortifications and earthworks, along with large mass graves in which troops from Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and Germany lie buried. After a plebiscite about the placing of the border was held in 1920, Schleswig was divided up, and the northern part – which included Dybbøl – became part of Denmark. This was followed by a comprehensive ”Danishification” of the cultural landscape, which had previously been dominated by a large Prussian victory monument and numerous German memorial stones. A Danish national park was set up at Dybbøl in 1924, with the backing of the local population and financial sup- port from a national collection appeal, and formally opened by the Danish prime minister. After this, Dybbøl became the epitome of the institutionalised cultural heritage of the state of Denmark, and would almost certainly be included in any ”cultural canon” of the most significant geographical locations that have helped shape the Danish sense of national identity. However, Dybbøl also features another – less comfortable – aspect of the Danish cultural heritage, bearing witness to Danish acts of vandalism perpetrated against the German monuments found here. Any study of the use of the history associated with Dybbøl uncovers layer upon layer of episodes that speak of conflicting interests and countless metamorphoses that led to the site being imbued with new values and a sequence of new identities. And in step with the resurgence of nationalist sentiments in Denmark since the mid-1980s, there has been a corresponding, strengthened re-annexation of the cultural heritage associated with Dybbøl. The need to cling on to and retain establis- hed, familiar positions and a fundamental sense of belonging are well-known aspects of the process of globalisation, and are seen throughout the world. In Dybbøl, this deep-felt need has resulted in the construction of a Danish fortification, and the Danish flag flying atop the many flagpoles has become more frequent sight. This process can also be interpreted as an expression of Danish foreign policy taking on a more active role in the world.

scholarly journals Ancient DNA Study in Medieval Europeans Shows an Association Between HLA-DRB1*03 and Paratyphoid Fever

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Haller ◽  
Joanna H. Bonczarowska ◽  
Dirk Rieger ◽  
Tobias L. Lenz ◽  
Almut Nebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Allele ◽  
South Asians ◽  
European Population ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
German Population ◽  
Binding Prediction ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Outbreaks of infectious diseases repeatedly affected medieval Europe, leaving behind a large number of dead often inhumed in mass graves. Human remains interred in two burial pits from 14th century CE Germany exhibited molecular evidence of Salmonella enterica Paratyphi C (S. Paratyphi C) infection. The pathogen is responsible for paratyphoid fever, which was likely the cause of death for the buried individuals. This finding presented the unique opportunity to conduct a paratyphoid fever association study in a European population. We focused on HLA-DRB1*03:01 that is a known risk allele for enteric fever in present-day South Asians. We generated HLA profiles for 29 medieval S. Paratyphi C cases and 24 contemporaneous controls and compared these to a modern German population. The frequency of the risk allele was higher in the medieval cases (29.6%) compared to the contemporaneous controls (13%; p = 0.189), albeit not significantly so, possibly because of small sample sizes. Indeed, in comparison with the modern controls (n = 39,689; 10.2%; p = 0.005) the frequency difference became statistically significant. This comparison also suggested a slight decrease in the allele’s prevalence between the medieval and modern controls. Up to now, this is the first study on the genetic predisposition to Salmonella infection in Europeans and the only association analysis on paratyphoid fever C. Functional investigation using computational binding prediction between HLA variants and S. Paratyphi and S. Typhi peptides supported a reduced recognition capacity of bacterial proteins by DRB1*03:01 relative to other common DRB1 variants. This pattern could potentially explain the disease association. Our results suggest a slightly reduced predisposition to paratyphoid fever in modern Europeans. The causative allele, however, is still common today, which can be explained by a trade-off, as DRB1*03:01 is protective against infectious respiratory diseases such as severe respiratory syndrome (SARS). It is thus possible that the allele also provided resistance to corona-like viruses in the past.

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