Quantitative Analysis of Multiparty Tariff Negotiations

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1595-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Bagwell ◽  
Robert W. Staiger ◽  
Ali Yurukoglu
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
The World ◽  
Multisector Model

We develop a model of international tariff negotiations to study the design of the institutional rules of the GATT/WTO. A key principle of the GATT/WTO is its most‐favored‐nation (MFN) requirement of nondiscrimination, a principle that has long been criticized for inviting free‐riding behavior. We embed a multisector model of international trade into a model of interconnected bilateral negotiations over tariffs and assess the value of the MFN principle. Using 1990 trade flows and tariff outcomes from the Uruguay Round of GATT/WTO negotiations, we estimate the model and use it to simulate what would happen if the MFN requirement were abandoned and countries negotiated over discriminatory tariffs. We find that if tariff bargaining in the Uruguay Round had proceeded without the MFN requirement, it would have wiped out the world real income gains that MFN tariff bargaining in the Uruguay Round produced and would have instead led to a small reduction in world real income relative to the 1990 status quo.

The Powers Metaphysic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Foundational Ontology ◽  
Interaction Types

Systematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.

Mapping the Topics and Evolutions of Chinese Children’s Bestsellers

Libri ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-317
Author(s):  
Jiming Hu ◽  
Xiang Zheng ◽  
Peng Wen ◽  
Jie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Children's Books ◽  
Children’S Books ◽  
Correlation Structures ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Source

AbstractChildren’s books involve a large number of topics. Research on them has been paid much attention to by both scholars and practitioners. However, the existing achievements do not focus on China, which is the fastest growing market for children’s books in the world. Studies using quantitative analysis are low in number, especially on the intellectual structure, evolution patterns, and development trends of topics of children’s bestsellers in China. Dangdang.com, the biggest Chinese online bookstore, was chosen as a data source to obtain children’s bestsellers, and topic words in them were extracted from brief introductions. With the aid of co-occurrence theory and tools of social network analysis and visualization, the distribution, correlation structures, and evolution patterns of topics were revealed and visualized. This study shows that topics of Chinese children’s bestsellers are broad and relatively concentrated, but their distribution is unbalanced. There are four distinguished topic communities (Living, Animal, World, and Child) in terms of centrality and maturity, and they all establish their individual systems and tend to be mature. The evolution of these communities tends to be stable with powerful continuity.

scholarly journals Economic impact of refugees

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (27) ◽  
pp. 7449-7453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Edward Taylor ◽  
Mateusz J. Filipski ◽  
Mohamad Alloush ◽  
Anubhab Gupta ◽  
Ruben Irvin Rojas Valdes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
World Food ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Unique Study

In 2015, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees accommodated over 15 million refugees, mostly in refugee camps in developing countries. The World Food Program provided these refugees with food aid, in cash or in kind. Refugees’ impacts on host countries are controversial and little understood. This unique study analyzes the economic impacts of refugees on host-country economies within a 10-km radius of three Congolese refugee camps in Rwanda. Simulations using Monte Carlo methods reveal that cash aid to refugees creates significant positive income spillovers to host-country businesses and households. An additional adult refugee receiving cash aid increases annual real income in the local economy by $205 to $253, significantly more than the $120–$126 in aid each refugee receives. Trade between the local economy and the rest of Rwanda increases by $49 to $55. The impacts are lower for in-kind food aid, a finding relevant to development aid generally.

Bilateral Treaties and The Most-Favored-Nation Clause: The Myth of Trade Liberalization in the Nineteenth Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Accominotti ◽  
Marc Flandreau
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
The World ◽  
Most Favored Nation Clause ◽  
Bilateral Treaties

Textbook accounts of the Anglo-French trade agreement of 1860 argue that it heralded the beginning of a liberal trading order. This alleged success holds much interest from a modern policy point of view, for it rested on bilateral negotiations and most-favored-nation clauses. With the help of new data on international trade (the RICardo database), the authors provide empirical evidence and find that the treaty and subsequent network of MFN trade agreements coincided with the end of a period of unilateral liberalization across the world. They also find that it did not contribute to expanding trade at all. This is contrary to a deeply rooted belief among economists, economic historians, and political scientists. The authors draw a number of policy lessons that run counter to the conventional wisdom and raise skepticism toward the ability of bilateralism and MFN arrangements to promote trade liberalization.

The Political Economics of Population Growth: The Case of China

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pi-Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Simon Kuznets

Some economists argue that high population density and rapid population growth are not in themselves impediments to economic development. On the basis of a quantitative analysis of historical data, Simon Kuznets, for instance, concludes that, historically, rates of economic development have not significantly correlated, either positively or negatively, with rates of population growth. Similarly, E. E. Hagen observes that “nowhere in the world has population growth induced by rising income been sufficient to halt the rise in income. … The historical record indicates that rise in income in these societies has failed to occur not because something thwarted it, but because no force has been present to cause income to rise.

THE INNOVATIVE TOURIST PRODUCT IN THE FUNCTION OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Slobodan Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Way Of Thinking

Very often, there are more imitators than innovators in the hotel industry. There are very few hotel enterprises engaged in continually innovating their services. Creative imitators help to diffuse innovations and to meet the needs of certain segments o f the tourist market. They realise the improvement possibilities of the tourism product or service, which requires innovation. Changes to certain features o f the product or service can help to increase their value for both domestic and foreign tourists. Hence, it is maintained that creative imitation is sooner to take hold on the tourist market than on the tourism product or service. The globalisation process of the world economy, as well as the hotel industries, has imposed a certain way of thinking referred to in journalism as "change as a constant necessity" or putting it harshly "innovate or disappear from the business scene”. Anything that is different represents change. Innovation means accepting ideas for services which are new to hotel enterprise. Because innovations disturb the status quo of the hotel enterprise, they are met with resistance by some members of the organisation. Strategic thinking is what every hotel enterprise needs to prevent it being caught off guard by the affects of changes in its micro and macro environment. Namely, troubles begin for the hotel enterprise when it fails to adapt in an adequate and acceptable way to the changes occuring within the hotel industry. Adverse changes in the environment and the inability of the hotel enterprise to respond to these changes are the cause of incongruity between the hotel’s potential (accommodation and other facilities) and the demands of the hotel industry i.e. the tourist markets on which it is present.

STATUS QUO OF A ‘LEAN UNIVERSITY’ CONCEPT IN KYRGYZSTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Jyldyzbek Jakshylykov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Lean Principles ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The World

The Kyrgyz higher education institutions are failing to meet the newly emerging challenges. Despite the efforts and jobs done, the effective results are not being achieved in the education and research sphere as desired. In this article, we give the examples of “Lean principles” implementations around the world as one of the solutions to the above mentioned challenge. In the last part of the article, we discuss a status quo of these principles in Kyrgyz higher education system.

Globalization of Regionalism: Challenges and Risks for Russia

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Trade And Investment

TЕhe article deals with the intensive development of the process of regionalization of the world trade and analyzes grounds for this process. It traces the evolution of regional trade agreements which account for the constant growth of mutual deliveries. The author pays attention to the transformation of regionalism which acquires step by step transcontinental character. The article states that the regional integration apart from the positive influence on trade and investment flow also has negative effects, namely erosion of the regime of most-favored-nation treatment and threats of the beginning of chaos in the international trade and investment exchange. The author studies projects of the creation of global superblocks of the integration type – Transatlantic, Eastern Asiatic, Asiatic -Pacific. In author’s opinion, their emergence will lead to radical changes of the institutional configuration of the world economic space which will turn into a two-level structure. On the first level rules of the multilateral trade system (WTO) will be applied. On the second level principles and regulations fixed by global multilateral trade and economic agreements with participation of all leaders of the international trade will act. The author concludes that Russia has to choose optimal direction of its participation in the global economic. Correspondingly, attention is paid to the problems and risks inherent in its connection with transcontinental trade and economic agreements which are objects of multilateral negotiations at the present time. In particular, the author states that in case of establishment of “mild” forms of integration in the Asiatic -Pacific or European directions Russia will have to open – completely or to a great extent – its domestic market for goods from the countries of the regions mentioned. The losses caused by such a disclosure might outweigh the benefits from liberalization of the access to the markets of partner countries.

Everyday agency and transformation: Place, body and story in the divided city

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Mannergren Selimovic
Keyword(s):  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Generative Capacity ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

How do we identify and understand transformative agency in the quotidian that is not contained in formal, or even informal structures? This article investigates the ordinary agency of Palestinian inhabitants in the violent context of the divided city of Jerusalem. Through a close reading of three ethnographic moments I identify creative micropractices of negotiating the separation barrier that slices through the city. To conduct this analytical work I propose a conceptual grid of place, body and story through which the everyday can be grasped, accessed and understood. ‘Place’ encompasses the understanding that the everyday is always located and grounded in materiality; ‘body’ takes into account the embodied experience of subjects moving through this place; and ‘story’ refers to the narrative work conducted by human beings in order to make sense of our place in the world. I argue that people can engage in actions that function both as coping mechanisms (and may even support the upholding of status quo), and as moments of formulating and enacting agential projects with a more or less intentional transformative purpose. This insight is key to understanding the generative capacity of everyday agency and its importance for the macropolitics of peace and conflict.

scholarly journals Trade Agreements, Competition, and the Environment: Gridlock at the Crossroads

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Seale ◽  
Gary F. Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Trade And The Environment ◽  
The World

In the 1980s, few agricultural economists, particularly from the Southern Region, published works on international trade or the globalization of the world economy. The initiation of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 stimulated such writings as the Southern Agriculture in a World Economy series by the Southern Region Extension International Trade Task Force (Rosson et al.). An even smaller number of agricultural economists were writing on policy linkages between trade and the environment. An early effort to remedy this situation was the Workshop on Linkages between Natural Resources and International Trade in Agricultural Commodities (Sutton).

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