Measurements of the Residual Stresses due to Cement Polymerization for Cemented Hip Implants

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.571 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 490-491 ◽

pp. 571-576

Author(s):

Natalia Nuño ◽

Dominic Plamondon

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Hip Prosthesis ◽

Outer Diameter ◽

Liquid Form ◽

Synthetic Bone ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Initial Fixation

The initial fixation of the cemented hip prosthesis relies on the resistance of the interface between the metallic stem of the implant, the PMMA, and the adjacent bone. During the operation, the bone cement still in a liquid form is inserted between the implant and the bone. During polymerisation of the cement, residual stresses are generated in the bulk cement. An experiment has been devised to reproduce the in vivo behaviour of a cemented hip prosthesis, and to develop a technique to measure the residual stresses of the bone cement at the stem-cement interface. An idealized prosthesis (19-mm diameter) was placed inside a synthetic bone (outer diameter of 40 mm, inside diameter of 30 mm). The bone cement was poured between the stem and the bone. A sub-miniature load cell was inserted inside the idealized stem to measure directly the radial stresses generated by the cement curing on the hip stem. The tests are conducted at body temperature of 37°C to simulate the in-vivo conditions.

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Measurements of the Residual Stresses Due to Cement Polymerization for Cemented Hip Implants

Advances in Bioengineering ◽

10.1115/imece2003-43979 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Nun˜o ◽

Dominic Plamondon

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Normal Stresses ◽

Liquid Form ◽

Synthetic Bone ◽

Press Fit ◽

Grouting Material ◽

Solidification Phenomenon ◽

Outside Diameter

In cemented hip implant, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) also called bone cement is used as grouting material between the implant and the bone. During the operation, the bone cement still in a liquid form is inserted between the femoral component and the bone. During polymerisation of the cement, residual stresses are generated in the bulk cement. The process of cement curing is a complex solidification phenomenon where transient stresses are generated and the residual stresses vary with different boundary conditions during curing (Ahmed et al., 1982). In particular, normal stresses are generated at the implant-PMMA interface resulting in a press-fit problem. The cement does not have a chemical bond with the stem nor the bone, however it fills completely the space between the two and serves to distribute the load being transferred from the stem to the bone. An experiment has been devised to measure directly the residual stresses of the bone cement to reproduce the in-vivo behaviour of the prosthesis. An idealized prosthesis (19-mm diameter) is used. A subminiature load cell (9.5-mm diameter) is inserted inside the stem to measure directly the radial residual stresses of the PMMA on the stem. Bone cement polymerizes between the stem and the synthetic bone (40-mm outside diameter). The tests are conducted at body temperature of 37°C.

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In Vitro Experimental Investigation of the Integrity of the Stem–Cement Interface

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.53 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 647 ◽

pp. 53-56

Author(s):

Hong Yu Zhang ◽

Leigh Fleming ◽

Liam Blunt

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Fluid Flow ◽

Hip Replacement ◽

Hip Prosthesis ◽

Vitro Experiment ◽

Cement Interface ◽

In Vitro Experiment ◽

Mechanical Bonding

The rationale behind failure of cemented total hip replacement is still far from being well understood in a mechanical and molecular perspective. In the present study, the integrity of the stem–cement interface was investigated through an in vitro experiment monitoring fluid flow along this interface. The results indicated that a good mechanical bonding formed at the stem–cement interface before debonding of this interface was induced by physiological loadings during the in vivo service of the hip prosthesis.

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Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186528 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6528 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mayra Eliana Valencia Zapata ◽

José Herminsul Mina Hernandez ◽

Carlos David Grande Tovar ◽

Carlos Humberto Valencia Llano ◽

Blanca Vázquez-Lasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Orthopedic Surgery ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Orthopedic Implants ◽

Parietal Bone ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Cement Interface

Acrylic bone cement (ABC) is one of the most used materials in orthopedic surgery, mainly for the fixation of orthopedic implants to the bone. However, ABCs usually present lack of biological activity and osseointegration capacity that leads to loosening of the prosthesis. This work reports the effect of introducing graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS), separately or together, in the ABC formulation on setting performance, mechanical behavior, and biological properties. Introduction of both CS and GO to the ABC decreased the maximum temperature by 21% and increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli by 87%, while introduction of only CS decreased bending strength by 32%. The results of cell viability and cell adhesion tests showed in vitro biocompatibility. The in vivo response was investigated using both subdermal and bone parietal implantations in Wistar rats. Modified ABCs showed absence of immune response, as confirmed by a normal inflammatory response in Wistar rat subdermal implantation. The results of the parietal bone implantation showed that the addition of CS and GO together allowed a near total healing bone–cement interface, as observed in the micrographic analysis. The overall results support the great potential of the modified ABCs for application in orthopedic surgery mainly in those cases where osseointegration is required.

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Transient and Residual Stresses and Displacements in Self-Curing Bone Cement—Part II: Thermoelastic Analysis of the Stem Fixation System

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3138300 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 28-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

A. M. Ahmed ◽

R. Nair ◽

D. L. Burke ◽

J. Miller

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Cancellous Bone ◽

Thermal Stresses ◽

Curing Process ◽

Hardening Material ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Fixation System ◽

Curing Cement

In this second part of a two-part report, an idealized model of the stem fixation system is analyzed to determine the adverse effects of the thermal stresses and displacements of bone cement during its curing process. The Shaffer-Levitsky stress-rate strain-rate law for chemically hardening material has been used. The results show that if the cement is surrounded by cancellous bone, as opposed to cortical bone, then transient tensile circumferential stresses in the cement and similar radial stresses at the stem/cement interface are generated. The former may cause flaws and voids within the still curing cement, while the latter may cause gaps at the interface.

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Reproduction of fretting wear at the stem—cement interface in total hip replacement

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1243/09544119jeim333 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 221 (8) ◽

pp. 963-971 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

L Brown ◽

H Zhang ◽

L Blunt ◽

S Barrans

Keyword(s):

Bone Cement ◽

Total Hip Replacement ◽

Hip Replacement ◽

Fatigue Cracks ◽

Cement Mantle ◽

Fretting Wear ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Total Hip

The stem-cement interface experiences fretting wear in vivo due to low-amplitude oscillatory micromotion under physiological loading, as a consequence it is considered to play an important part in the overall wear of cemented total hip replacement. Despite its potential significance, in-vitro simulation to reproduce fretting wear has seldom been attempted and even then with only limited success. In the present study, fretting wear was successfully reproduced at the stem-cement interface through an in-vitro wear simulation, which was performed in part with reference to ISO 7206-4: 2002. The wear locations compared well with the results of retrieval studies. There was no evidence of bone cement transfer films on the stem surface and no fatigue cracks in the cement mantle. The cement surface was severely damaged in those areas in contact with the fretting zones on the stem surface, with retention of cement debris in the micropores. Furthermore, it was suggested that these micropores contributed to initiation and propagation of fretting wear. This study gave scope for further comparative study of the influence of stem geometry, stem surface finish, and bone cement brand on generation of fretting wear.

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Effect of Tapered Geometry on the Load Transfer of an Idealized Cemented Hip Implant

Advances in Bioengineering ◽

10.1115/imece2002-32616 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

N. Nun˜o

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Chemical Bond ◽

Polymethyl Methacrylate ◽

Load Transfer ◽

Hip Implants ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Grouting Material ◽

Surrounding Bone ◽

Causes Of Failure

Implant looseining of cemented hip implants is one of the major causes of failure of the arthroplasty. In cemented hip implants, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), also called bone cement, is used as grouting material between the stem and the surrounding bone. During polymerisation of the cement, residual stresses are generated in the bulk cement. The bone cement does not have a chemical bond with the stem nor the bone; however, it fills completely the space between the two and serves to distribute the load being transferred from the stem to the bone. Numerical analyses on the load transfer of cemented hip implants usually do not include the residual stresses due to cement curing at the stem-cement interface [1–2].

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Reduced Modulus Acrylic Bone Cement

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-55-171 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alan S. Litsky ◽

Robert M. Rose ◽

Clinton T. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Bone Cement ◽

Cancellous Bone ◽

Property Testing ◽

Acrylic Bone Cement ◽

Material Interfaces ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Reduced Modulus ◽

Endoprosthesis Loosening

ABSTRACTLoosening is the dominant long-term problem facing joint replacement surgeons and patients. A probable cause of endoprosthesis loosening is the strain singularity at the material interfaces. The concentration of shear at the bone-cement interface leads to micromotion which precipitates a soft-tissue membrane and resorption of the cancellous bone.A more compliant cement would substantially reduce the interfacial stresses and serve as a “pillow” between the prosthetic stem and the cancellous bone. We have developed a surgically-workable formulation of a reduced modulus acrylic bone cement — polybutylmethylmethacrylate (PBMMA) — to test this hypothesis. Materials property testing and in vivo implantation are discussed.

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Interfacial Fracture Toughness of Synthetic Bone-Cement Interface

Fracture of Materials: Moving Forwards - Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/0-87849-994-6.251 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 251-256

Author(s):

J. Tong

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Interfacial Fracture ◽

Interfacial Fracture Toughness ◽

Synthetic Bone ◽

Cement Interface

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Effects of Stem Design and Pre-Cooling Prostheses on the Heat Generated by Bone Cement in an In Vitro Model

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/147323000203000307 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 265-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O Rodop ◽

A Kiral ◽

O Arpacioglu ◽

I Akmaz ◽

C Solakoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Cement ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Hip Prosthesis ◽

Polymerization Process ◽

Temperature Decrease ◽

Stem Design ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Cement Interface ◽

Vitro Model

The necrotizing effects of the heat, particularly at more than 50 °C, produced by the exothermic polymerization process associated with the acrylic implant cement polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are well documented. The temperature changes that occur are dependent on the thickness of the PMMA. The current study investigates the hypothesis that the heat produced by the bone cement may be reduced by the choice of stem design and by pre-cooling the hip prosthesis. The thermal alterations at the bone-cement interface were measured in an in vitro model. The results indicated that a temperature decrease of approximately 7 °C could be achieved by pre-cooling the prosthesis, and by changing the shape of the prosthesis stem from flat and wide to round.

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