Doping tradizionale e doping genetico: questioni etiche / Traditional doping and genetic doping: ethical issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Elisa Buzzi

Il complesso fenomeno del doping presenta notevoli problemi di definizione. Queste difficoltà, che hanno influenzato l’evoluzione delle politiche anti-doping, sono ulteriormente acuite dall’assenza di una cornice etica chiaramente definita, in grado di giustificare inequivocabilmente le azioni di contrasto intraprese dalle agenzie sportive a partire dalla seconda metà del XX secolo. Ai problemi di interpretazione del doping nelle sue forme tradizionali si sono aggiunte, da qualche decennio, le questioni relative al doping genetico. Il contributo analizza le diverse tipologie di tecnologia genetica, potenzialmente utilizzabili per un miglioramento della prestazione atletica, nella prospettiva di una valutazione etica. Oltre ai problemi medici, legali e morali del doping tradizionale, il doping genetico pone dilemmi etici inediti che rischiano di rendere le risposte dell’etica sportiva e delle politiche anti-doping, se non inefficaci, per lo meno inadeguate e anacronistiche. Nonostante la difficoltà di prevedere l’impatto che le tecnologie genetiche potranno avere sul mondo dello sport, la prospettiva del doping genetico, non diversamente da altre forme di doping, ma più radicalmente, pone due tipi di questioni. In primo luogo, costringe a ripensare alla natura e alle finalità dello sport e delle competizioni atletiche come espressioni dell’eccellenza umana. In secondo luogo, solleva questioni fondamentali circa la definizione dell’identità e della dignità umane nella civiltà tecnologica. ---------- Interpreting doping is fraught with difficulties at the very level of a comprehensive and consistent definition of the phenomenon. Such difficulties have influenced the evolution of anti-doping policies, that are further hindered by the lack of a clearly articulated ethical framework. Moreover, in the last few decades, a host of moral dilemmas has been arising in connection with gene doping. This article analyses different kinds of genetic technology that could enhance athletic performances in the light of their moral implications. In addition to the medical, legal, and ethical problems inherent in traditional doping, gene doping raises a whole range of new ethical issues that might render the current formulations of sport ethics and anti-doping policies, if not ineffectual, at least inadequate and anachronistic. Notwithstanding the difficulties in foreseeing how developments in genetic technology might impact the world of sport in the future, the perspective of gene doping radicalises two kinds of issues, that are not stranger to other forms of doping. Firstly, it leads to reconsider the nature and goals of sport as an expression of human excellency, and secondly, it raises fundamental questions about the definition of human identity and dignity in a technological civilization.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Rodríguez-Triana ◽  
Alejandra Martínez-Monés ◽  
Sara Villagrá-Sobrino

As a further step towards maturity, the field of learning analytics (LA) is working on the definition of frameworks that structure the legal and ethical issues that scholars and practitioners must take into account when planning and applying LA solutions to their learning contexts. However, current efforts in this direction tend to be focused on institutional higher education approaches. This paper reflects on the need to extend these ethical frameworks to cover other approaches to LA; more concretely, small-scale classroom-oriented approaches that aim to support teachers in their practice. This reflection is based on three studies where we applied our teacher-led learning analytics approach in higher education and primary school contexts. We describe the ethical issues that emerged in these learning scenarios, and discuss them according to three dimensions: the overall learning analytics approach, the particular solution to learning analytics adopted, and the educational contexts where the analytics are applied. We see this effort as a first step towards the wider objective of providing a more comprehensive and adapted ethical framework to learning analytics that is able to address the needs of different learning analytics approaches and educational contexts.


2013 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Signe Mezinska ◽  
Ilze Mileiko

The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of risk communication in the context of assisted reproduction in Latvia. The paper is based on a qualitative methodology and two types of data: media analysis and 30 semi-structured interviews (11 patients, 4 egg donors, 15 experts). The study explores a broad definition of risk communication and explores three types of risks: health, psychosocial, and moral. We ask (1), who is involved in risk communication, (2), how risks are discussed using different channels of communication, and (3), what ethical problems arise during this process. In the process of analysis, we identified four types of information channels and two strategies of risk communication used by patients, as well as several ethical problems. In our view, the analysis of risk communication practices is significant to improve patient/physician relationship, as well as better meet patients' needs for comprehensive risk information.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shakeri ◽  
Christopher Adanty ◽  
Howsikan Kugathsan

Food fortification and water fluoridation are two public health initiatives that involve the passive consumption of nutrients through food and water supplies. While ethical analyses of food fortification and water fluoridation have been done separately, none have been done together. In this paper, we will consider whether the similarities between food fortification and water fluoridation override their differences and thus what ethical conclusions can be cross-pollinated between the two interventions. This study does three things: first, we review the origin, reasoning and mechanisms behind food fortification and water fluoridation. From there, we deduce the primary ethical dilemma that overshadows food fortification and water fluoridation – they both require a form of deception and are consumed passively without the need for informed consent. Finally, we look at various approaches ethicists have taken to understand the ethical issues surrounding the programs. Two key ethical models appear in this discussion: the justificatory approach and the stewardship model. Beyond these two frameworks, one ethical analysis deduces from the Nuremberg Code that water fluoridation is unethical based on the definition of consent. As recent scientific papers and the general public have started discussing and debating the passive consumption of various drugs via public water supplies, it is prudent that we revisit the ethics behind food fortification and water fluoridation programs; this will ultimately allow us to better navigate complex problems in nutritional ethics and passive delivery.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar John B ◽  
Hassan I. Sheikh ◽  
Ibrahim Shogar ◽  
Abdurrezak A.H ◽  
Kamaruzzaman, B.Y ◽  
...  

Increasing utilization of living animals in ecological and biomedical research has drawn serious concerns in terms of animal welfare and ethical practices in animal handling. Significant attention has been given to animals of higher taxonomical hierarchy especially vertebrates such as fishes, rodents, reptiles and mammals, while ethical framework on invertebrate handling and welfare is less addressed (except for cephalopods). The definition of ‘Animal’ itself by any international consortia or Animal Research Act (ARA) does not include invertebrates as an animal entity. This is due to the lack of standard ethical framework to understand the pain and other physiological stress experienced by the invertebrate test animal. One such example would be the living fossil ‘horseshoe crab’ which is extensively bled to obtain its blue blood that is used for endotoxin quantification in biological samples. The biomedical bleeding itself leads to 15-30% post bleeding mortality of crabs, while pain and stress caused by the bleeding practice is not studied. Hence, this paper discusses the technicality of establishing standard framework for invertebrate handling. The paper also highlights the shari’ah (Islamic law) principles on scientific experimentations on animal subjects, particularly the norms related to the adoption of invertebrates in environmental and biomedical practice. Comprehensive review of ethical regulations in animal experiments, especially invertebrates, would be beneficial for revising and improving existing animal ethical practices.


We have new answers to how the brain works and tools which can now monitor and manipulate brain function. Rapid advances in neuroscience raise critical questions with which society must grapple. What new balances must be struck between diagnosis and prediction, and invasive and noninvasive interventions? Are new criteria needed for the clinical definition of death in cases where individuals are eligible for organ donation? How will new mobile and wearable technologies affect the future of growing children and aging adults? To what extent is society responsible for protecting populations at risk from environmental neurotoxins? As data from emerging technologies converge and are made available on public databases, what frameworks and policies will maximize benefits while ensuring privacy of health information? And how can people and communities with different values and perspectives be maximally engaged in these important questions? Neuroethics: Anticipating the Future is written by scholars from diverse disciplines—neurology and neuroscience, ethics and law, public health, sociology, and philosophy. With its forward-looking insights and considerations for the future, the book examines the most pressing current ethical issues.


Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Pope

This chapter examines how ethical issues are approached differently by two prominent psychological associations, how they are encountered by psychologists, the formal complaints they give rise to, and how they can be approached systematically to avoid missteps. Included are basic assumptions about ethics; the unique approaches to developing a ethics code taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and what each of these two codes provides; empirical data about what ethical problems psychologists encounter and what formal complaints they face; four major sets of ethical issues that are particularly complex and challenging (confidentiality, informed consent, competence, and boundaries); an area of major controversy (clinical psychology and national security); steps in ethical decision-making; and four possible lines of future research.


2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jelsma ◽  
S. Clow

Qualitative research or naturalistic research has moved from the sidelines into the mainstream of health research and an increasing number of qualitative research proposals are being presented for ethical review Qualitative research presents ethical problems that which are unique to the intensive hands-on paradigm which characterises naturalistic research. This paper briefly outlines the most common methodologies used in this research. The four ethical principles of benevolence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice will be used as a framework to explore specific ethical issues related to this form of inquiry. The need for scientific rigour will also be explored as research that is scientifically unsound can never be ethical.


2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. A1-A22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hay

SUMMARY Audit fees are related to important ethical issues for auditors. There has been increasing research on audit fees recently, including research on potential ethical risks regarding audit fees, which helps to illuminate some of these professional issues. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) is very interested in this area and asked me to prepare a paper reviewing the relevant research. This summary reviews research that became available from 2006 to 2016 on four issues related to audit fees—fee level, dependence, non-audit fees, and firms that have a significant non-audit services business. Examining the research shows consistent evidence about two issues, namely that audit fees for new engagements are lower and that non-audit services affect independence in appearance. There are two further issues about which there is some concern. First, there are occasional studies reporting evidence that non-audit services provided by an auditor are associated with a loss of independence indicated by lower audit quality, even though most research does not support this conclusion. Second, there has been recent concern about growth in non-audit services to non-audit clients and there is some preliminary evidence that audit quality is lower in firms that have more extensive non-audit businesses. In general, although audit fee research does not convey a message that there are widespread ethical problems, the body of research shows that there are some risk areas.


2021 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Oleg Letov ◽  

The article is an analytical review of English-language articles on contemporary ethical issues related to the coronavirus epidemic. Such principles of biomedical ethics as respect for the freedom of the patient, non-harm are analyzed. A precautionary approach is formulated, the main norms of which are practicality, impartiality, proportionality and justification. It is emphasized that public health advice and action should be part of a broader effort to gain and maintain confidence in the action taken. Reasonable trust requires a serious attitude to the ethical problems associated with the implementation of the intended ethical principles.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Koromina ◽  
Vasileios Fanaras ◽  
Gareth Baynam ◽  
Christina Mitropoulou ◽  
George P Patrinos

Rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technology, particularly whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing, have greatly affected our understanding of genetic variation underlying rare genetic diseases. Herein, we describe ethical principles of guiding consent and sharing of genomics research data. We also discuss ethical dilemmas in rare diseases research and patient recruitment policies and address bioethical and societal aspects influencing the ethical framework for genetic testing. Moreover, we focus on addressing ethical issues surrounding research in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, this perspective aims to address key aspects and issues for building proper ethical frameworks, when conducting research involving genomics data with a particular emphasis on rare diseases and genetics testing.


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