scholarly journals Die brein soos beskou deur die Grieke en Romeine

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
The Brain

In Ancient Egypt mummification was associated with extensive organ resection, but the brain was removed through a hole cut in the ethnocide bone. It was thus not observed as an organ. Greek writers of the 6th and 5th centuries BC originally said the brain was the seat of intelligence, the organ of sensory perception and partially the origin of sperm. The substance pneuma, originating from fresh air, played an essential role in brain function. Hippocrates initially described the brain as a double organ, covered by meninges and responsible for perception. Contemporaries like Plato, Aristotle and Diocles confirmed the findings though the latter two considered the heart to be the centre of intelligence. During the late 4th century BC, with the onset of the Hellenistic era of medicine, dissection of the human body was temporarily allowed at the medical school of Alexandria, and this led to a remarkable advance in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology under Herophilus and Erasistratus. Their excellent descriptions of the structure and function of the brain was only matched and surpassed by Galen in the 2nd century AD.

The Marsupial as a Biomedical Model

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-355
Author(s):  
W. Jurgelski
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Biomedical Model ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Marsupials are viviparous, placental mammals that have evolved independently from the same ancestor as the eutherian mammals, which include humans and the principal laboratory animals. As a result of this evolutionary divergence, marsupial structure and function embody alternative solutions to many of the problems of mammalian existence. This dichotomy between marsupials and eutherian species suggests the use of marsupial models to provide innovative laboratory approaches that may facilitate experimental access to specific aspects of normal and abnormal human anatomy and physiology. Those characteristics that endow marsupials with their unique but largely unexploited biomedical research potential are identified and evaluated.

Mind Shift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This book draws on the latest research on the human brain to show how it differs strikingly from those of other animals in its structure and function at molecular and cellular level. It argues that this ‘shift’, enlarging the brain, giving it greater flexibility and enabling higher functions such as imagination, was driven by tool use, but especially by the development of one remarkable tool—language. The complex social interaction brought by language opened up the possibility of shared conceptual worlds, enriched with rhythmic sounds and images that could be drawn on cave walls. This transformation enabled modern humans to generate an exceptional human consciousness, a sense of self that arises as a product of our brain biology and the social interactions we experience. Linking early work by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to the findings of modern neuroscience, the book also explores how language, culture, and society mediate brain function, and what this view of the human mind may bring to our understanding and treatment of mental illness.

Leonardo da Vinci on the Brain and Eye

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Da Vinci ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Interest

Leonardo Da Vinci had a deep interest in the structure and function of the body. His drawings are the oldest surviving naturalistic depictions of human anatomy. This article examines seven of his drawings of the nervous system. In the earlier ones, he is almost totally bound by medieval tradition. Later, his drawings become more closely tied to his own dissections, and he invents new ways of representing the results of anatomical investigation. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:347–354, 1997

Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, “Switches” That Alter the State of Target Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842097433
Author(s):  
Sayed Ausim Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Brain Operations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Electrophysiological Effects ◽  
The Brain

How do monoamines influence the perceptual and behavioral aspects of brain function? A library of information regarding the genetic, molecular, cellular, and function of monoamines in the nervous system and other organs has accumulated. We briefly review monoamines’ anatomy and physiology and discuss their effects on the target neurons and circuits. Monoaminergic cells in the brain stem receive inputs from sensory, limbic, and prefrontal areas and project extensively to the forebrain and hindbrain. We review selected studies on molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological effects of monoamines on the brain’s target areas. The idea is that monoamines, by reversibly modulating the “primary” information processing circuits, regulate and switch the functions of brain networks and can reversibly alter the “brain states,” such as consciousness, emotions, and movements. Monoamines, as the drivers of normal motor and sensory brain operations, including housekeeping, play essential roles in pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

Case Studies in The Instruction of Human Anatomy and Physiology

HAPS Educator ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-515
Author(s):  
Chasity O’Malley ◽  
◽  
Julie Doll ◽  
Catherine Taylor ◽  
Marian Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology

The Survival of the Physiologist: A Human Anatomy and Physiology Game

HAPS Educator ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Vicki Motz ◽  
Timothy Koneval ◽  
Jill Bennett-Toomey ◽  
Rema Suniga ◽  
Jacqueline Runestad Connour
Keyword(s):  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology
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