scholarly journals Weibull-like Model of Cancer Development in Aging

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. CIN.S5460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengiz Mdzinarishvili ◽  
Simon Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Hazard Function ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hazard Functions

Mathematical modeling of cancer development is aimed at assessing the risk factors leading to cancer. Aging is a common risk factor for all adult cancers. The risk of getting cancer in aging is presented by a hazard function that can be estimated from the observed incidence rates collected in cancer registries. Recent analyses of the SEER database show that the cancer hazard function initially increases with the age, and then it turns over and falls at the end of the lifetime. Such behavior of the hazard function is poorly modeled by the exponential or compound exponential-linear functions mainly utilized for the modeling. In this work, for mathematical modeling of cancer hazards, we proposed to use the Weibull-like function, derived from the Armitage-Doll multistage concept of carcinogenesis and an assumption that number of clones at age t developed from mutated cells follows the Poisson distribution. This function is characterized by three parameters, two of which ( r and λ) are the conventional parameters of the Weibull probability distribution function, and an additional parameter ( C0) that adjusts the model to the observational data. Biological meanings of these parameters are: r—the number of stages in carcinogenesis, λ—an average number of clones developed from the mutated cells during the first year of carcinogenesis, and C0—a data adjustment parameter that characterizes a fraction of the age-specific population that will get this cancer in their lifetime. To test the validity of the proposed model, the nonlinear regression analysis was performed for the lung cancer (LC) data, collected in the SEER 9 database for white men and women during 1975–2004. Obtained results suggest that: (i) modeling can be improved by the use of another parameter A- the age at the beginning of carcinogenesis; and (ii) in white men and women, the processes of LC carcinogenesis vary by A and C0, while the corresponding values of r and λ are nearly the same. Overall, the proposed Weibull-like model provides an excellent fit of the estimates of the LC hazard function in aging. It is expected that the Weibull-like model can be applicable to fit estimates of hazard functions of other adult cancers as well.

scholarly journals Estimation of Hazard Functions in the Log-Linear Age-Period-Cohort Model: Application to Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Geographical Area

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. CIN.S4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengiz Mdzinarishvili ◽  
Michael X. Gleason ◽  
Simon Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
White Women ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
White Men ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Relative Hazard ◽  
Hazard Functions ◽  
Computing Procedure ◽  
Log Linear

An efficient computing procedure for estimating the age-specific hazard functions by the log-linear age-period-cohort (LLAPC) model is proposed. This procedure accounts for the influence of time period and birth cohort effects on the distribution of age-specific cancer incidence rates and estimates the hazard function for populations with different exposures to a given categorical risk factor. For these populations, the ratio of the corresponding age-specific hazard functions is proposed for use as a measure of relative hazard. This procedure was used for estimating the risks of lung cancer (LC) for populations living in different geographical areas. For this purpose, the LC incidence rates in white men and women, in three geographical areas (namely: San Francisco-Oakland, Connecticut and Detroit), collected from the SEER 9 database during 1975–2004, were utilized. It was found that in white men the averaged relative hazard (an average of the relative hazards over all ages) of LC in Connecticut vs. San Francisco-Oakland is 1.31 ± 0.02, while in Detroit vs. San Francisco-Oakland this averaged relative hazard is 1.53 ± 0.02. In white women, analogous hazards in Connecticut vs. San Francisco-Oakland and Detroit vs. San Francisco-Oakland are 1.22 ± 0.02 and 1.32 ± 0.02, correspondingly. The proposed computing procedure can be used for assessing hazard functions for other categorical risk factors, such as gender, race, lifestyle, diet, obesity, etc.

scholarly journals Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20–49 Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1279-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M Ward ◽  
Recinda L Sherman ◽  
S Jane Henley ◽  
Ahmedin Jemal ◽  
David A Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
American Association ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

Abstract Background The American Cancer Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends by cancer type, sex, race, ethnicity, and age in the United States. This year’s report highlights the cancer burden among men and women age 20–49 years. Methods Incidence data for the years 1999 to 2015 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- and National Cancer Institute–funded population-based cancer registry programs compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and death data for the years 1999 to 2016 from the National Vital Statistics System were used. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates, estimated by joinpoint, were expressed as average annual percent change. Results Overall cancer incidence rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2011–2015 were 494.3 among male patients and 420.5 among female patients; during the same time period, incidence rates decreased 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.6% to −1.6%) per year in men and were stable in females. Overall cancer death rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2012–2016 were 193.1 among male patients and 137.7 among female patients. During 2012–2016, overall cancer death rates for all ages decreased 1.8% (95% CI = −1.8% to −1.8%) per year in male patients and 1.4% (95% CI = −1.4% to −1.4%) per year in females. Important changes in trends were stabilization of thyroid cancer incidence rates in women and rapid declines in death rates for melanoma of the skin (both sexes). Among adults age 20–49 years, overall cancer incidence rates were substantially lower among men (115.3 per 100 000) than among women (203.3 per 100 000); cancers with the highest incidence rates (per 100 000) among men were colon and rectum (13.1), testis (10.7), and melanoma of the skin (9.8), and among women were breast (73.2), thyroid (28.4), and melanoma of the skin (14.1). During 2011 to 2015, the incidence of all invasive cancers combined among adults age 20–49 years decreased −0.7% (95% CI = −1.0% to −0.4%) among men and increased among women (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.7% to 1.9%). The death rate for (per 100 000) adults age 20–49 years for all cancer sites combined during 2012 to 2016 was 22.8 among men and 27.1 among women; during the same time period, death rates decreased 2.3% (95% CI = −2.4% to −2.2%) per year among men and 1.7% (95% CI = −1.8% to −1.6%) per year among women. Conclusions Among people of all ages and ages 20–49 years, favorable as well as unfavorable trends in site-specific cancer incidence were observed, whereas trends in death rates were generally favorable. Characterizing the cancer burden may inform research and cancer-control efforts.

Prostate cancer relative survival by stage and race/ethnicity, United States, 2001 to 2015.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5509-5509
Author(s):  
David A Siegel ◽  
Mary Elizabeth O'Neil ◽  
Thomas B Richards ◽  
Nicole F Dowling ◽  
Hannah K Weir
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Localized Disease ◽  
Race Ethnicity

5509 Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among U.S. men. Incidence rates for distant stage cancer increased during 2010–2014, and survival at all stages was lower for black men than white men. We examined temporal changes in survival by race/ethnicity. Methods: Five-year relative survival (RS) (cancer survival in the absence of other causes of death) was calculated for men with prostate cancer aged ≥40 years using National Program of Cancer Registries data (93% U.S. population coverage). Cancers were diagnosed during 2001–2015 with follow-up through 2015. RS was estimated by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic), stage, and year (2001–2007 and 2008–2015). Differences were determined by non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: During 2001–2015, 2,234,233 cases were recorded. Five-year RS was 100% for localized disease in all race/ethnicities and time periods. Overall, RS improved from 29.0% (95% CI, 28.5–29.5) to 31.3% (30.8–31.9) for distant stage and 83.4% (83.0–83.8) to 84.7% (84.2–85.1) for unknown stage. For regional stage, RS improved for white men (table). For distant stage, RS was highest for black and Hispanic men. For unknown stage, RS was highest for white and Hispanic men. Conclusions: RS improved for regional, distant, and unknown stage, but disparities by race/ethnicity persist. The disparity between black and white men for distant stage reversed compared to past studies. Further investigation of diagnosis patterns and clinical characteristics of men with distant and unknown stage cancer could inform interventions to address disparities in outcomes. [Table: see text]

Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd ◽  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin Rosenblüt
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Békésy Audiometry ◽  
Method Of Adjustment ◽  
Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

scholarly journals Incidence and Trends of the Leading Cancers with Elevated Incidence Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 2012–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C Melkonian ◽  
Hannah K Weir ◽  
Melissa A Jim ◽  
Bailey Preikschat ◽  
Donald Haverkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Age Adjusted Rates ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Cancer incidence varies among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations, as well as between AI/AN and White populations. This study examined trends for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations and estimated potentially avoidable incident cases among AI/AN populations. Incident cases diagnosed during 2012–2016 were identified from population-based cancer registries and linked with the Indian Health Service patient registration databases to improve racial classification of AI/AN populations. Age-adjusted rates (per 100,000) and trends were calculated for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations (rate ratio >1.0), by region. Trends were estimated using joinpoint regression analyses. Expected cancers were estimated by applying age-specific cancer incidence rates among non-Hispanic White populations to population estimates for AI/AN populations. Excess cancer cases among AI/AN populations were defined as observed minus expected cases. Liver, stomach, kidney, lung, colorectal and female breast cancers had higher incidence rate among AI/AN populations across most regions. Between 2012 and 2016, nearly 5,200 excess cancers were diagnosed among AI/AN populations, with the largest number of excess cancers (1,925) occurring in the Southern Plains region. Culturally informed efforts may reduce cancer disparities associated with these and other cancers among AI/AN populations.

Rising incidence of oral tongue cancer among white men and women in the United States, 1973–2012

Oral Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Tota ◽  
William F. Anderson ◽  
Charles Coffey ◽  
Joseph Califano ◽  
Wendy Cozen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tongue Cancer ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oral Tongue ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Oral Tongue Cancer ◽  
Rising Incidence

Abstract P259: Smoking Increases Risks of Death and Stroke in Both Men and Women. Absolute Risk Difference of Stroke is Likely to be Larger in Women

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ohsawa ◽  
Kuniaki Ogasawara ◽  
Shinichi Omama ◽  
Kozo Tanno ◽  
Kazuyoshi Itai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Rate Ratios

Background: Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, however, to what extent smoking increases excessive deaths and strokes in a general population has not been sufficiently examined especially in women. Methods: A total of 10,382 female and male participants aged 65 years or older were divided into two groups according to smoking status (current smoker; never smoker). Past smokers were excluded. Main outcomes were all-cause death and incident stroke. Age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates were estimated in the groups using Poisson’s regression analysis. Age-adjusted rate ratios (RR) and excess events (EE per 1000 person-years) attributable to smoking were determined using the rate in never smokers as a reference. Results: There were 1410 deaths and 735 strokes during the 9.0-year observation period (90,099 person-years). Smoking contributed to a 2.3-fold higher risk of death in women and 1.8-fold higher risk in men. It contributed to 12 excess deaths per 1000 person-years in both men and women. The rate ratio and excessive events of stroke were likely to be higher in women than those in men (RR: 2.6 vs. 1.6; EE: 9.3 vs 5.0, see table). Conclusion: Smoking significantly increases risks of death and stroke not only in men but also in women. Absolute risk difference of stroke attributable to smoking is likely to be larger in women than in men.

scholarly journals Zika: an ongoing threat to women and infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Macedo Coimbra dos Santos ◽  
Flavio Codeço Coelho ◽  
Margaret Armstrong ◽  
Valeria Saraceni ◽  
Cristina Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Previous Summer

Recent data from the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, shows a sharp drop in the number of reported occurrences of Zika during the summer of 2016/2017, compared to the previous summer. There is still a much higher incidence among women than men, almost certainly due to sexual transmission. An unexpected feature of the new data is that there are proportionally far more cases affecting children under 15 months than older age classes. By comparing incidence rates in 2016/2017 and 2015/2016, we were able to deduce the proportion of reported cases affecting men and women, and verify that gender disparity is still present. Women and children are still risk groups for Zika infection, even during non-epidemic seasons.

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