GENETIC ANALYSES OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN COMMON WHEAT USING WHOLE CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kuspira ◽  
John Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Winter Growth Habit

Three sets of substitution lines of the spring wheat variety Chinese with chromosomes from the donor varieties Thatcher, Hope and Timstein were used to study the genetics of awning, earliness, lodging, plant height, spike density, 1000-kernel weight and yield. The various substitution lines, each representing a genotype that differs from that of the recipient variety only with respect to the genes carried by the substituted chromosome, were studied in replicated field trials so that environmental effects on the character in question could be easily removed by appropriate analysis. This permitted a comparison of the genetic effects of individual chromosomes against the standard based on the performance of a population of like genotypes.Genes conditioning awning were associated with seven chromosomes. Studies of earliness indicated that time of heading is conditioned by (a) major genes that differentiate spring and winter growth habit, and (b) genes that modify the expression of growth habit genes to a greater or lesser extent. Differences in spike density among the lines were due to minor genes only; the same was true for plant height. Lodging, protein content, 1000-kernel weight and yield were found to be conditioned by polymeric or multiple genes on many chromosomes; the effects of these individual genes though small were not usually equal.Where a substituted chromosome brings about a significant departure in character expression from that of the recipient variety, a method is outlined whereby the number of genes on a particular chromosome can be determined. The merits of the substitution method are discussed, and it is concluded that it is valuable, and gives a high degree of precision in genetic studies of polyploid organisms and that under certain conditions its effectiveness is similar to that of the backcross method for incorporating characters controlled by one or two genes into a given line or variety.

PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID POPULATIONS DERIVED FROM CROSSES OF SUBSTITUTION LINES OF COMMON WHEAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-821
Author(s):  
Sadeque U. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Quantitative Characters

The recipient variety 'Chinese Spring', chromosome substitution lines 1B of Timstein' and 4A of 'Thatcher', and donor varieties Timstein and Thatcher were studied with respect to six quantitative characters, viz. earliness, plant height, tiller number per plant, kernel number per spike, 1000-kernel weight and total grain yield per plant. Heterosis was observed for all characters; however, the degree and direction of heterosis varied for different characters and for different hybrid populations. Evidence for significant improvement in kernel weight and total grain yield per plant combined with early heading and short plant height were obtained. Evidence was obtained indicating that substitution lines may be effective breeding materials in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs.

scholarly journals The production and assay of segmental substitution lines in barley

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Gale ◽  
H. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Qualitative Characters

SUMMARYThe usual systems of assay using techniques of chromosome substitution demonstrated in Drosophila and wheat are not applicable to barley (Hordeum vulgare). Chromosomal material for assay may, however, be substituted from one variety into another by using translocations to mark and restrict crossing over in the chromosomes to be transferred. This paper describes the isolation and assay of lines derived in this way.Seven substitution lines derived from the donor variety Maris Badger and the recipient variety Mars have been scored for quantitative characters in two field trials.The results indicate that variation in flowering time and other associated characters is largely determined by genes on chromosome 2 and that chromosome 4 is involved in the control of plant height.The feasibility of the technique as a method of assaying the contributions of chromosomes to qualitative characters by substitution in a diploid is discussed.

The chromosomal locations in wheat of genes conferring differential response to the wild oat herbicide, difenzoquat

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Snape ◽  
W. J. Angus ◽  
Beryl Parker ◽  
Debra Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Monosomic Analysis ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines

SummaryF2, monosomic analysis involving crosses between the monosomic series of a resistant wheat variety, Chinese Spring, and a susceptible variety, Sicco, has located a major gene locus, designated Dfql, on chromosome 2B of wheat which determines the differential response of these varieties to treatment with the wild oat herbicide, difenzoquat. The allele from Chinese Spring conferring resistance is dominant and studies of the responses of Chinese Spring single chromosome substitution lines and nullisomic–tetrasomic lines for chromosome 2B indicate that this allele actively promotes resistance to the herbicide. It is suggested that this gene may prevent inhibition of DNA synthesis in the apical meristem, which is the site of action of the herbicide (Pallett & Caseley, 1980).Other chromosomes were also implicated as carrying ‘modifier genes’ which affect the ratio of resistant: susceptible plants in F2 monosomic families, namely 1D, 2D, 3A, 3B, 5B and 5D. These chromosomes may affect the retention and translocation of the herbicide to the target site and hence the threshold of response.The simple inheritance of difenzoquat resistance indicates that it should be easy by conventional breeding techniques to transfer the resistance into susceptible varieties.

Chromosomal Location of Genes for Flour Quality in the Wheat Variety ‘Cheyenne’ Using Substitution Lines 1

Crop Science ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Morris ◽  
J. W. Schmidt ◽  
P. J. Mattern ◽  
V. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Flour Quality

Film coating of seeds with Bacillus cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchalee Jetiyanon ◽  
Sakchai Wittaya-Areekul ◽  
Pinyupa Plianbangchang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Film Coating ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus RS87 was previously reported to promote plant growth in various crops in both greenhouse and field trials. To apply as a plant growth promoting agent with practical use, it is essential to ease the burden of routine preparation of a fresh suspension of strain RS87 in laboratory. The objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of film-coating seeds with B. cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement and to reveal the indoleacetic acid (IAA) production released from strain RS87. The experiment consisted of the following 5 treatments: nontreated seeds, water-soaked seeds, film-coated seeds, seeds soaked with vegetative cells of strain RS87, and film-coated seeds with strain RS87 spores. Three experiments were conducted separately to assess seed emergence, root length, and plant height. Results showed that both vegetative cells and spores of strain RS87 significantly promoted (P ≤ 0.05) seed emergence, root length and plant height over the control treatments. The strain RS87 also produced IAA. In conclusion, the film coating of seeds with spores of B. cereus RS87 demonstrated early plant growth enhancement as well as seeds using their vegetative cells. IAA released from strain RS87 would be one of the mechanisms for plant growth enhancement.

scholarly journals Effects of Interspecific Chromosome Substitution in Upland Cotton on Cottonseed Macronutrients

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Sukumar Saha ◽  
Jennifer L. Tonos ◽  
Jodi A. Scheffler ◽  
Johnie N. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Chromosome Arm

Nutrients, including macronutrients such as Ca, P, K, and Mg, are essential for crop production and seed quality, and for human and animal nutrition and health. Macronutrient deficiencies in soil lead to poor crop nutritional qualities and a low level of macronutrients in cottonseed meal-based products, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with a high level of macronutrients or significant variability in the macronutrient content of crop seeds is critical. To our knowledge, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on cottonseed macronutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and content of the cottonseed macronutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P, and S in chromosome substitution lines (CS). Nine chromosome substitution lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations in 2013 in South Carolina, USA, and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA. The controls used were TM-1, the recurrent parent of the CS line, and the cultivar AM UA48. The results showed major variability in macronutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and controls. For example, in South Carolina, the mean values showed that five CS lines (CS-T02, CS-T04, CS-T08sh, CS-B02, and CS-B04) had higher Ca level in seed than controls. Ca levels in these CS lines varied from 1.88 to 2.63 g kg−1 compared with 1.81 and 1.72 g kg−1 for TM-1 and AMUA48, respectively, with CS-T04 having the highest Ca concentration. CS-M08sh exhibited the highest K concentration (14.50 g kg−1), an increase of 29% and 49% over TM-1 and AM UA48, respectively. Other CS lines had higher Mg, P, and S than the controls. A similar trend was found at the MS location. This research demonstrated that chromosome substitution resulted in higher seed macronutrients in some CS lines, and these CS lines with a higher content of macronutrients can be used as a genetic tool towards the identification of desired seed nutrition traits. Also, the CS lines with higher desired macronutrients can be used as parents to breed for improved nutritional quality in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., through improvement by the interspecific introgression of desired seed nutrient traits such as Ca, K, P, S, and N. The positive and significant (p ≤ 0.0001) correlation of P with Ca, P with Mg, S with P, and S with N will aid in understanding the relationships between nutrients to improve the fertilizer management program and maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in the dietary sucrose modulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy W. Geer ◽  
Cathy C. Laurie-Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYGenetic variation in the modulating effect of dietary sucrose was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster by examining 27 chromosome substitution lines coisogenic for the X and second chromosomes and possessing different third isogenic chromosomes derived from natural populations. An increase in the concentration of sucrose from 0·1% to 5% in modified Sang's medium C significantly altered the activities of 11 of 15 enzyme activities in third instar larvae, indicating that dietary sucrose modulates many, but not all, of the enzymes of D. melanogaster. A high sucrose diet promoted high activities of enzymes associated with lipid and glycogen synthesis and low activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways, reflecting the physiological requirements of the animal. Analyses of variance revealed significant genetic variation in the degrees to which sucrose modulated several enzyme activities. Analysis of correlations revealed some relationships between enzymes in the genetic effects on the modulation process. These observations suggest that adaptive evolutionary change may depend in part on the selection of enzyme activity modifiers that are distributed throughout the genome.

Acaricide resistance in the red tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann.

1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Whitehead ◽  
J. A. F. Baker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Degree

Early in 1959, observations on the farm Tayside, in the East London district of South Africa, suggested that populations of the ‘two-host’ red tick, Rhipicephalns evertsi Neum., were more difficult to control with toxaphene preparations than they had been in the past. Resistance to toxaphene was suspected, and both field and laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate this possibility. Field trials indicated an increase in tolerance by Tayside populations of the tick to toxaphene, γ BHC and dieldrin, but showed no increased tolerance to sodium arsenite or DDT. Similar results were obtained in laboratory experiments where Tayside adults were compared with those of other populations of the tick known to be sensitive to insecticides. Laboratory experiments with larvae indicated a high degree of resistance to toxaphene and γ BHC in the Tayside population, but no increased tolerance to sodium arsenite, Delnav, Sevin or DDT could be detected. This pattern of cross-resistance is similar to that occurring in resistant populations of Boophilus dccoloratus(Koch).

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