A Study on the Global Scenario of COVID-19 Related Case Fatality Rate, Recovery Rate and Prevalence Rate and Its Implications for India—A Record Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract This retrospective cohort study included all the subjects diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (n = 2493) in 2 Italian provinces. Two hundred fifty-eight persons died, after a median of 14.0 ± 11.0 days. Adjusting for age, gender, and main comorbidities, the ≥28-day case-fatality rate did not decrease from March to April 2020 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.93; P = .6).

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Case fatality rate related to nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia in an ICU: a single-centre retrospective cohort study

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift ◽

10.1007/s00508-015-0884-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 128 (3-4) ◽

pp. 95-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Murat Yalçınsoy ◽

Cuneyt Salturk ◽

Hurıye Berk Takır ◽

Semra Batı Kutlu ◽

Ayşegul Oguz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Single Centre

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Case fatality rate and associated factors in patients with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005041 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. e005041 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Gabriela M Repetto ◽

M Luisa Guzmán ◽

Iris Delgado ◽

Hugo Loyola ◽

Mirta Palomares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Microdeletion Syndrome

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SARS-CoV-2 lethality decreased over time in two Italian Provinces

10.1101/2020.05.23.20110882 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Elena Flacco ◽

Cecilia Acuti Martellucci ◽

Francesca Bravi ◽

Giustino Parruti ◽

Alfonso Mascitelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

List Type ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Italian Provinces ◽

Over Time

AbstractBackgroundSome experts recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 lethality decreased considerably, but no evidence is yet available. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate whether SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rate decreased with time, adjusting for main potential confounders.Methods and findingsWe included all SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects diagnosed in Ferrara and Pescara provinces, Italy. Information were collected from local registries, clinical charts, and electronic health records. We compared the case-fatality rate of the subjects diagnosed during April and March, 2020. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis and random-effect logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, type II diabetes, major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cancer and renal disease. The sample included 1946 subjects (mean age 58.8y; 45.7% males). 177 persons deceased, after a mean of 11.7 days of follow-up. From March to April, the case-fatality rate significantly decreased in the total sample (10.8% versus 6.0%; p<0.001), and in any subgroup of patients. Large reductions of the lethality were observed among the elderly (from 30.0% to 13.4%), and subjects with hypertension (23.0% to 12.1%), diabetes (30.3% to 8.4%), CVD (31.5% to 12.1%), COPD (29.7% to 11.4%), and renal disease (32.3% to 11.5%). In April, the adjusted hazard ratio of death was 0.42 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.29-0.60). The mean age of those who died substantially increased from March (77.9±10.8y) to April (86.9±7.7y).ConclusionsIn this sample, SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rate decreased considerably over time, supporting recent claims of a substantial improvement of SARS-CoV-2 clinical management. The findings are inevitably preliminary and require confirmation.Author summaryWhy was this study done?Some experts recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 lethality decreased considerably, but no evidence is yet available.What did the researchers do and find?We carried out a retrospective cohort study on 1946 SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects from two Italian provinces, evaluating the potential variation of the case-fatality rate over time.From March to April, in both univariate and multivariable analyses, SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rate significantly and substantially decreased, overall and in any subgroup of subjects.What do these findings mean?The therapies and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects might have substantially improved over time.

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Trends and predictors of in-hospital mortality among babies with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: A retrospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250633 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250633

Author(s):

Beatrice Nkolika Ezenwa ◽

Gbenga Olorunfemi ◽

Iretiola Fajolu ◽

Toyin Adeniyi ◽

Khadijah Oleolo-Ayodeji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Current Trend ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Neonatal Unit ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Female Ratio

Background Globally, approximately 9 million neonates develop perinatal asphyxia annually of which about 1.2 million die. Majority of the morbidity and mortality occur in Low and middle-income countries. However, little is known about the current trend in incidence, and the factors affecting mortality from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), in Nigeria. Objective We assessed the trends in incidence and fatality rates and evaluated the predictors of mortality among babies admitted with HIE over five years at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Methods A temporal trend analysis and retrospective cohort study of HIE affected babies admitted to the neonatal unit of a Nigerian Teaching Hospital was conducted. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the babies and their mothers were extracted from the neonatal unit records. Kaplan-Meir plots and Multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratio was used to evaluate the survival experienced using Stata version 16 (StataCorp USA) statistical software. Results The median age of the newborns at admission was 26.5 (10–53.5) hours and the male to female ratio was 2.1:1. About one-fifth (20.8%) and nearly half (47.8%) were admitted within 6 hours and 24 hours of life respectively, while majority (84%) of the infants were out-born. The prevalence and fatality rate of HIE in our study was 7.1% and 25.3% respectively. The annual incidence of HIE among the hospital admissions declined by 1.4% per annum while the annual fatality rate increased by 10.3% per annum from 2015 to 2019. About 15.7% died within 24 hours of admission. The hazard of death was related to the severity of HIE (p = 0.001), antenatal booking status of the mother (p = 0.01) and place of delivery (p = 0.03). Conclusion The case fatality rate of HIE is high and increasing at our centre and mainly driven by the pattern of admission of HIE cases among outborn babies. Thus, community level interventions including skilled birth attendants at delivery, newborn resuscitation trainings for healthcare personnel and capacity building for specialized care should be intensified to reduce the burden of HIE.

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COVID-19 Case Fatality and Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-215161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Qiang Zhang ◽

Jordan L. Schultz ◽

Georgina M. Aldridge ◽

Jacob E. Simmering ◽

Youngcho Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate

Previous studies have identified dementia as a risk factor for death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is unclear whether Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 case fatality rate. In a retrospective cohort study, we identified 387,841 COVID-19 patients through TriNetX. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, we found that AD patients had higher odds of dying from COVID-19 compared to patients without AD (Odds Ratio: 1.20, 95%confidence interval: 1.09–1.32, p < 0.001). Interestingly, we did not observe increased mortality from COVID-19 among patients with vascular dementia. These data are relevant to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic.

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Use of Viremia to Evaluate the Baseline Case Fatality Ratio of Ebola Virus Disease and Inform Treatment Studies: A Retrospective Cohort Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1001908 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. e1001908 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Oumar Faye ◽

Alessio Andronico ◽

Ousmane Faye ◽

Henrik Salje ◽

Pierre-Yves Boëlle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Case Fatality Ratio ◽

Baseline Case

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What Are the Important Predictors of Postoperative Functional Recovery in Patients With Cervical OPLL? Results of a Multivariate Analysis

Global Spine Journal ◽

10.1177/2192568218794665 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 315-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hiroaki Nakashima ◽

Tokumi Kanemura ◽

Shunsuke Kanbara ◽

Kotaro Satake ◽

Keigo Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Functional Recovery ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Recovery Rate ◽

Neurological Outcome ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Japanese Orthopedic Association

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify important predictors of poor functional recovery in patients undergoing surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 142 OPLL patients with laminoplasty; 135 had complete radiographical data and were followed up for ≥2 years. The following OPLL characteristics were compared between patients with “good” and “poor” outcomes (Japanese Orthopedic Association [JOA] recovery rate ≥50% and <50%, respectively): number of ossified levels, OPLL classification, ossification shape, K-line, canal-occupying ratio, and increased magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity. Predictors of functional recovery were identified. Results: Pre- and postoperative (2 years following surgery) JOA scores were 10.6 ± 2.9 and 14.1 ± 2.2, respectively, indicating significant improvement following laminoplasty ( P < .001). The average JOA recovery rate was 53.4% ± 34.7%, with 81 (60.0%) and 54 (40.0%) patients in the better and poorer neurological outcome groups, respectively. The canal occupation ratio of OPLL ≤60%/>60% were 117 (86.7%) and 18 (13.3%) patients, respectively. In the stepwise logistic regression analysis, an occupation ratio greater than 60% was identified as a significant factor for poor postoperative neurological outcome (relative risk, 4.82; 95% confidential interval, 1.61-14.46, P = .005). Conclusions: This multivariate analysis demonstrated a large size OPLL (occupying ratio >60%) was associated with a risk of poor neurological recovery roughly 5 times greater, and therefore other types of surgery are recommended in cases with such a ratio.

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Ruxolitinib versus dexamethasone in hospitalized adults with COVID-19: multicenter matched cohort study

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06982-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

O. V. Stanevich ◽

D. S. Fomina ◽

I. G. Bakulin ◽

S. I. Galeev ◽

E. A. Bakin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Respiratory Failure ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

High Fever ◽

Cytokine Therapy ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Matched Cohort ◽

Matched Cohort Study

Abstract Background Several anti-cytokine therapies were tested in the randomized trials in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (COVID-19). Previously, dexamethasone demonstrated a reduction of case-fatality rate in hospitalized patients with respiratory failure. In this matched control study we compared dexamethasone to a Janus kinase inhibitor, ruxolitinib. Methods The matched cohort study included 146 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and oxygen support requirement. The control group was selected 1:1 from 1355 dexamethasone-treated patients and was matched by main clinical and laboratory parameters predicting survival. Recruitment period was April 7, 2020 through September 9, 2020. Results Ruxolitinib treatment in the general cohort of patients was associated with case-fatality rate similar to dexamethasone treatment: 9.6% (95% CI [4.6–14.6%]) vs 13.0% (95% CI [7.5–18.5%]) respectively (p = 0.35, OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.31–1.57]). Median time to discharge without oxygen support requirement was also not different between these groups: 13 vs. 11 days (p = 0.13). Subgroup analysis without adjustment for multiple comparisons demonstrated a reduced case-fatality rate in ruxolitnib-treated patients with a high fever (≥ 38.5 °C) (OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.11–1.00]). Except higher incidence of grade 1 thrombocytopenia (37% vs 23%, p = 0.042), ruxolitinib therapy was associated with a better safety profile due to a reduced rate of severe cardiovascular adverse events (6.8% vs 15%, p = 0.025). For 32 patients from ruxolitinib group (21.9%) with ongoing progression of respiratory failure after 72 h of treatment, additional anti-cytokine therapy was prescribed (8–16 mg dexamethasone). Conclusions Ruxolitinib may be an alternative initial anti-cytokine therapy with comparable effectiveness in patients with potential risks of steroid administration. Patients with a high fever (≥ 38.5 °C) at admission may potentially benefit from ruxolitinib administration. Trial registration The Ruxolitinib Managed Access Program (MAP) for Patients Diagnosed With Severe/Very Severe COVID-19 Illness NCT04337359, CINC424A2001M, registered April, 7, 2020. First participant was recruited after registration date

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COVID-19 Pandemic: Marked Global Disparities in Fatalities According to Geographic Location and Universal Health Care

International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) ◽

10.21106/ijma.389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 213-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Deepa Dongarwar ◽

Hamisu M. Salihu

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Health Care Systems ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Related Case ◽

Universal Health

Since its outbreak, COVID-19 pandemic has been the biggest global concern with exponentially increasing number of cases and associated deaths across all habitable continents. Various countries around the world with their diverse health care systems, have responded to the pandemic in very distinctive ways. In this paper, we: compared COVID-19 mortality rates across global geographic regions; and assessed differences in COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) based on presence or absence of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We found that as of May 6, 2020, Europe had experienced the highest CFR globally of 9.6%, followed by 5.9% in North America. Although the pandemic originated in Asia, the continent ranked second to the last in terms of CFR (3.5%). Countries with UHC had lower number of cases of 37.6%, but the CFR of countries with UHC was twice that of countries without UHC (10.5% versus 4.9%). In conclusion, UHC does not appear to protect against mortality in a pandemic environment such as with COVID-19. Key words: • COVID-19 • Global disparity • Universal Health Coverage • Case fatality rate Copyright © 2020 Dongarwar and Salihu. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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