scholarly journals The Present and Past Participles in the Medieval English Translations of St. John’s Gospel from Latin

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-42
Author(s):  
Lidija Štrmelj ◽  
Milenko Lončar
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Present Participle ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Finite Verb

The present participle and past participle, together with the infinitive, have a long history in English; this is quite contrary to finite verb forms, which mostly developed during the Middle English period. Participles were already in use in the earliest stages of the language and performed functions similar to those of the present active participle and perfect passive participle in Latin. Therefore, one may assume that Latin participles are rendered into Old English and Middle English mostly by means of their English equivalents. It appears, however, that this was not the case. The data provided in our research lead us to the conclusion that the implementation of participles in English was rather difficult and slow, at least when it comes to the Gospel translations. This paper shows what was used instead – for example, various types of clauses; it also shows the reasons for this (such as ambiguity hidden sometimes in participles).

scholarly journals The lemmatization of Old English Verbs from the second weak class on a lexical database

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Marta Tío Sáenz
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Participle ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Weak Verbs

This article compiles a list of lemmas of the second class weak verbs of Old English by using the latest version of the lexical database Nerthus, which incorporates the texts of the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. Out of all the inflecional endings, the most distinctive have been selected for lemmatization: the infinitive, the inflected infinitive, the present participle, the past participle, the second person present indicative singular, the present indicative plural, the present subjunctive singular, the first and third person of preterite indicative singular, the second person of the preterite indicative singular, the preterite indicative plural and the preterite subjunctive plural. When it is necessary to regularize, normalization is restricted to correspondences based on dialectal and diachronic variation. The analysis turns out a total of 1,064 lemmas of weak verbs from the second class.

scholarly journals Medieval English root clauses

Literator ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
H. W. Broekman
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Embedded Clauses ◽  
Finite Verb

The movement operation Verb Second moves the finite verb from its base-generated position in VP to C via the I node within the Chomsky (1986) framework. As the finite verb and the complementiser are in complementary distribution, the above predicts that, contrary to fact, Verb Second is not possible in embedded clauses. However, in Frisian and Swedish Verb Second does occur in embedded clauses. This entails that a lexical complementiser does not always prevent a finite verb from undergoing Verb Second. 'The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of Old English and Middle English root clauses particularly with respect to Verb Second. Old English does not strictly conform to Verb Second in declarative root clauses. In Old English finite verbs also occur in first position and in third position in declarative root clauses. A comparison with Icelandic data will be provided as this language displays all three verb placements in declarative head main clauses as well.

scholarly journals On the historical core of V2 in Germanic

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fuss
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Initial Element ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical System ◽  
Finite Verb

This paper focuses on the origin of the V2 property in the history of Germanic. Considering data from Gothic and Old English (OE), it is suggested that the historical core of the V2 phenomenon reduces to V-to-C movement that is triggered in operator contexts. Therefore, the historical system shares basic properties with limited V2 in Modern English. It is shown that apparent deviations from this pattern that can be observed in Gothic can be attributed to the influence of Greek word order. Concerning the apparently more elaborate V2 properties of OE, it is claimed that a large part of them in fact do not involve a Spec-head relation, but rather result from linear adjacency between the clause-initial element and a finite verb located in T0. Special attention is paid to the placement of pronominal subjects in OE, which are claimed to occupy SpecTP. This contrasts with a lower position of full subjects due to the absence of an EPP in OE. Finally, the loss of superficial V2 orders in the Middle English period is attributed to the development of an EPP feature in T.

Old and Middle English translations of Greek and Semitic words in the Latin version of St John’s Gospel

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Štrmelj
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
English Population ◽  
English Translations ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Latin Version

AbstractThe majority of Greek and Semitic words found in the Latin version of St John’s Gospel express specific biblical terms, closely connected with Jewish and Christian religion and culture, but almost entirely unknown to most of the English population until the evangelisation that took place in the 7th century. The comparison of the Old and Middle English translations of the Latin source text presented here attempts to identify the procedures and methods which both Old and Middle English translators used to make the Latin items understandable to their audience, as well as to explain the reasons for the differences between the translations, where possible.

scholarly journals On Omissions and Substitutions in the Medieval English Translations of the Gospel

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-85
Author(s):  
Lidija Štrmelj
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
English Translations ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Made In

This paper provides the data on the omissions and substitutions of Latin text fragments made in the Old and Middle English translations of St. John’s Gospel. It aims to explore how frequently and for what reasons one or the other translator, or occasionally both of them, turned to these deviations in the process of rendering, and to find out whether there were some significant differences between the translations concerning these procedures. As the translations were composed over a span of more than 3oo years, some of the evidence certainly reveals changes in the understanding and experiencing of biblical and other terms that occurred over the course of time, as reflected in language. These changes are first and foremost what we wish to discuss in this paper, but other matters will be also considered, such as the authors’ priorities in translation and specific features of their language.

scholarly journals LINGUOSTYLISTIC MEANS OF CONTEXTUAL SEGMENTATION OF THE OLD ENGLISH POEM THE SEAFARER

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Mukhin ◽  
◽  
Darya A. Efremova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
English Poem ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Linguistic Means ◽  
Finite Verb

The article is concerned with the analysis of the linguostylistic means used to effect contextual segmentation of the Old English elegy The Seafarer. It is hypothesized that discourse types of the poem including narration with some elements of description, reasoning and implicit dialogue are the key means to convey the author’s main idea. The focus of the study is on the use of the principal lexical and grammatical markers indicating the change of discourse types: personal pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, finite verb forms and connotationally diversified vocabulary. In the narrative part, the emphasis is made on the extensive use of pronominal and verb forms of the 1st person singular as well as on the prevalence of emotive lexical units with negative meaning. Reasoning was discovered to be characterized by the domination of the 3rd person forms and balanced use of lexical units with negative and positive semantics. Implicit dialogue was found to be notably rich in pronominal forms of the 1st person plural and causative modality expressed by lexical and grammatical means. We conclude that the poem under study features a triform composition built by various linguistic means on the grammatical, lexical and stylistic levels.

Preverbation and narrativity in Lithuanian. The distribution of finite simplex and compound verbs in narrative main clauses

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 167-192
Author(s):  
Lea Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Finite Verb

The article deals with the use of simplex and compound (prefixed) verbs in narrative text. Main clauses comprising finite verb forms in the past and in the past habitual tense are examined in an attempt to establish to what extent simplex and compound verbs exhibit aspect oppositions, and whether a correlation exists between the occurrence of simplex vs. compound verbs and distinct textual units. The investigation shows that although simple and compound verbs in Lithuanian are not in direct aspect opposition to each other, in the background text portions most of the verbs are prefixless past tense forms or habitual forms, whereas in the plot-advancing text portions, the vast majority of verbs are compound verbs in the simple past tense.  

Talking about MOTION in Middle English

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Huber
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Analysis Of Motion

Chapter 6 begins with an overview of the language contact situation with (Anglo-) French and Latin, resulting in large-scale borrowing in the Middle English period. The analysis of 465 Middle English verbs used to express intransitive motion shows that there are far more French/Latin loans in the path verbs than in the other motion verbs. The range of (new) manner of motion verbs testifies to the manner salience of Middle English: caused motion verbs are also found in intransitive motion meanings, as are French loans which do not have motion uses in continental French. Their motion uses in Anglo-Norman are discussed in terms of contact influence of Middle English. The analysis of motion expression in different texts yields a picture similar to the situation in Old English, with path typically expressed in satellites, and neutral as well as manner of motion verbs being most frequent, depending on text type.

scholarly journals Norse against Old English: 20-0

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
West Germanic

The conclusion seems inescapable, if the facts in Emonds & Faarlund are more or less right: Middle English would be the outcome of a shift from West Germanic grammar to an eccentric form of North Germanic grammar.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document