scholarly journals The veterinary perspective of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
N. Lawal ◽  
A.B. Onoja
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
The Family ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
And Control ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Coronaviridae is a family of RNA viruses responsible for two previous epidemics of viral pneumonia and related illnesses: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012. The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a new member of the family Coronaviridae, named SARS-CoV-2 which emerged in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Infected persons present with severe respiratory illness including pneumonia. There have been reports of confirmed cases in different animal species that became infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting possible reverse zoonosis. In this review, we discussed the origin, biology, genome organization, replication and virus entry into host cells, immune mechanisms, epidemiological trends, prevention and control strategies employed in combating the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Epidemiological trend, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2

Caligids-potential pathogens for marine finfish aquaculture in Mexico?

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
Francisco Neptalí Morales-Serna ◽  
Juan Manuel Martínez-Brown ◽  
Rosa Maria Medina-Guerrero ◽  
Emma Josefina Fajer-Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Parasitic Copepods ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
Finfish Aquaculture

Parasitic copepods of the family Caligidae, the so-called sea lice, may be deleterious to marine or brackish finfish aquaculture. To date, biological and ecological studies of sea lice have been mostly restricted to species from cold or temperate regions. In Mexico there are some records of sea lice species on marine fishes; however, the research regarding their biology and ecology has been scarce. It is possible that a high biodiversity of sea lice is distributed in coastal waters of Mexico; therefore, their significance as pathogenic parasites should increase. The purpose of this review is to outline the current knowledge of the life cycle, host location, ecology, effect on fish health, and control strategies of sea lice in order to establish supportive basis for natural resource management and control of parasites and diseases of marine fish cultured in Mexico.

scholarly journals HABITAT USE STRATEGY OF VERTEBRATES IN AN EMERGING NATURE RESERVE

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-80
Author(s):  
A. L.A. SHOTUYO ◽  
O. A. JAYEOLA ◽  
I. A. AYODELE
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control

The habitat use strategy of vertebrates in Alabata Strict Nature Reserve was studied. Twenty (20) sample plots of 25m x 25m (0.062ha) were laid at random over the total area of the study site for data collection. King Census and Line Transect methods were modified for this study using direct and indirect modes of wildlife stock assessment for an accurate collection of data due to the dense nature of the vegetation in some areas. One hundred and twenty-one vertebrate species, belonging to fifty-six families were recorded. Twenty-seven families were represented by just a single species each, while thirteen families had two species each. The family Colubridae was represented by ten species, while Rattudae and  Sciuridae had a single species respectively. Birds were the most encountered (more than 60%) followed by mammals (more than 20%) while the Order Reptalia constitutes the remaining (less than 20%). Food and cover requirements abound in the study area, which explains the availability of a variety of fauna species. There is a strong association between the environmental variables and animal species thus; distribution, performance and survival of the species are directly influenced by these variables. The Principal component analysis and Ordination shows that the ecosystem of the study site is not stable yet. This can be observed from the clustering of the animal species together in an attempt to make the best use of the environment. The maintenance of a healthy ecosystem is largely dependent on its management and control of activities of man and animals.  

scholarly journals Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Sergi Segarra
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Dietary Nucleotides ◽  
Nutritional Modulation ◽  
And Control

Leishmaniasis is an emerging, uncontrolled, and neglected zoonotic disease. Climate change is contributing to its ongoing global expansion. The dog is the main reservoir; hence the importance of implementing effective treatment, prevention, and control measures in this animal species to protect public health. However, although the standard treatment for canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is effective, it does not provide full parasitological clearance, and side effects and drug resistance have been described. The host’s immune system plays a key role in the establishment and evolution of leishmaniasis. Dietary nucleotides modulate the immune response and, given their reported efficacy and safety in sick and clinically healthy Leishmania-infected dogs and because they represent a sustainable option with no associated side effects or resistance, they could be included within the prevention, treatment, and control strategies for leishmaniasis. This article briefly summarizes the scientific literature on CanL management, including unresolved issues, and reviews the scientific evidence on immunomodulatory effects of dietary nucleotides in different animal species. It also proposes a CanL management algorithm, including nucleotides. It is concluded that nutritional modulation of the immune response with nucleotides can contribute to better management of leishmaniasis following a One Health approach, especially in the COVID-19 era.

SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Binding hACE2: Viral Entry, Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Potential Therapeutic Targets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lobna Al-Zaidan ◽  
Sarra Mestiri ◽  
Afsheen Raza ◽  
Maysaloun Merhi ◽  
Varghese Inchakalody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Viral Binding ◽  
Binding Interface ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Pneumonia cases of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China, were reported to the WHO on 31st of December 2019. Later the pathogen was reported to be a novel coronavirus designated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is a novel pathogenic beta coronavirus that infects humans causing severe respiratory illness. However, multifarious factors can contribute to the susceptibility to COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality such as age, gender and underlying comorbidities. Importantly, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells is mediated via ACE2 receptor. However, ACE2 receptor binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 is 4 folds higher than that to SARS-CoV. Identification of different aspects such as binding affinity, differential antigenic profiles of spike glycoproteins, and ACE2 polymorphisms might influence the investigation of potential therapeutic strategies targeting SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 binding interface. Here we aim to elaborate on SARS-CoV-2 S1/ACE2 ligand that facilitates viral internalization as well as to highlight the differences between SARS-CoVs binding affinity to ACE2. We also discuss the possible immunogenic sequences of spike glycoprotein and the effect of ACE2 polymorphism on viral binding/infectivity and host susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, targeting of ACE2 will be discussed to understand its role in therapeutics.

scholarly journals Epidemic Trend and Molecular Evolution of HV Family in the Main Hantavirus Epidemic Areas From 2004 to 2016, in P.R. China

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuwei Wang ◽  
Ming Yue ◽  
Pingping Yao ◽  
Changqiang Zhu ◽  
Lele Ai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
M Genome ◽  
Clustering Pattern ◽  
And Control

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is caused by hantavirus (HV) infection, and is prevalent across Europe and Asia (mainly China). The genetic variation and wide host range of the HV family may lead to vaccine failure. In this study, we analyzed the gene sequences of HV isolated from different regions of China in order to trace the molecular evolution of HV and the epidemiological trends of HFRS. A total of 16,6975 HFRS cases and 1,689 HFRS-related deaths were reported from 2004 to 2016, with the average annual incidence rate of 0.9674 per 100,000, 0.0098 per 100,000 mortality rate, and case fatality rate 0.99%. The highest number of cases were detected in 2004 (25,041), and after decreasing to the lowest numbers (8,745) in 2009, showed an incline from 2010. The incidence of HFRS is the highest in spring and winter, and three times as many men are affected as women. In addition, farmers account for the largest proportion of all cases. The main hosts of HV are Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius, and the SEOV strain is mainly found in R. norvegicus and Niviventer confucianus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 10 HTNV subtypes and 6 SEOV subtypes are endemic to China. We found that the clustering pattern of M genome segments was different from that of the S segments, indicating the possibility of gene recombination across HV strains. The recent increase in the incidence of HFRS may be related to climatic factors, such as temperature, relative humidity and hours of sunshine, as well as biological factors like rodent density, virus load in rodents and genetic variation. The scope of vaccine application should be continuously expanded, and surveillance measures and prevention and control strategies should be improved to reduce HFRS infection in China.

scholarly journals Novel Corona Virus and Veterinary Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Experience

The family of RNA viruses, Coronaviridae has been responsible for the past two epidemics of many viral related diseases and viral pneumonia. Currently, the covid-19 pandemic is brought about by another member from the Coronaviridae family named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus), which arose from China in December 2019. Coronavirus was not considered primarily a pathogen in the human population until the outbreak of SARS-CoV-19. Coronavirus causes a variety of infectious diseases in many livestock, poultry, and pet animals resulting in great economic losses. Because of the long-term experience attained with animal CoV, veterinary medication could assist with producing a superior comprehension of the cause and spread of SARS-CoV-2 and could drive future exploration in human medication towards the improvement of safe immunization and successful immunogenic and antiviral medications. This review focuses on general morphological and genomic features, origin of coronaviruses, its specific impacts on animals in relation to zoonotic potential and food chain wrongdoings. In addition, we propose some recommendations and control strategies that could be applied in combating the threats imposed by the covid-19 pandemic.

Effective infection prevention and control strategies in a large accredited psychiatric facility in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Poremski ◽  
Sandra Henrietta Subner ◽  
Grace Lam Fong Kin ◽  
Raveen Dev Ram Dev ◽  
Mok Yee Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
And Control

The Institute of Mental Health in Singapore continues to attempt to prevent the introduction of COVID-19, despite community transmission. Essential services are maintained and quarantine measures are currently unnecessary. To help similar organizations, strategies are listed along three themes: sustaining essential services, preventing infection, and managing human and consumable resources.

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