Effects of Pesticides on the Reduction of Plant and Human Pathogenic Bacteria in Application Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL MAHOVIC ◽  
GANYU GU ◽  
STEVEN RIDEOUT
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Treated Plant

Overhead spray applications of in-field tomato treatments dissolved in aqueous solutions have specific pest targets (fungal, bacterial, insect, or other). Any organism present in the solution or on treated plant surfaces that is not a specific target of the application is unlikely inactivated and can instead be spread through the phyllosphere. In this laboratory study, commercially labeled pesticides (including Actigard 50WG, Bravo Weather Stik 6F, Cabrio 20EG, Kasumin, Kocide 3000 46WG, Oxidate 27L, Penncozeb 75DF, ProPhyt 54.5L, Stimplex 100L, Firewall, 22.4WP, and Tanos 50DF) in common use in commercial tomato production fields of the Eastern Shore of Virginia were investigated for activity against in vitro bacterial contamination of pesticide application waters. Pesticides of interest were tank mixed individually with one of the plant pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, or one of two serovars (Newport and Montevideo) of the human pathogen Salmonella enterica to assess reduction values during the average time between mixing and initial application. Observations suggested that while some treatments had a noticeable effect on population levels, only the oxidizer, peroxyacetic acid, showed significant and consistent levels of suppression against all bacteria investigated, at levels that could have practical implications.

Tulbaghia violacea L. I: In vitro antimicrobial properties towards plant pathogens

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeto Nteso ◽  
Johan C. Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Soil Extracts

The antimicrobial properties of crude methanol extracts of above- and below-soil parts of Tulbaghia violacea were quantified by means of an agar diffusion method against 6 plant pathogenic bacteria and 7 fungi. The growth of 3 out of the 6 bacteria, Clavibacter michiganensis, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas campestris, was significantly inhibited by crude extracts of both below-soil and aerial parts of T. violacea, whereas the growth of Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia carotovora, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens was unaffectedl. Compared with the standard fungicide, both the aerial and below-soil extracts of T. violacea significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of 6 of the 7 test fungi, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Mycosphaerella pinodes, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and P. ultimum, whereas only the below-soil extract inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum significantly. The broad-spectrum antifungal activity shown by the crude T. violaceae extracts supplied a rationale for a further investigation into the in vivo activity of the extracts under glasshouse and field conditions.

Chemotaxis of some phytopathogenic bacteria to fungal propagules in vitro and in soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Lim ◽  
J. L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

The motile plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris were strongly attracted to conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana, B. victoriae, and to sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina and their exudates in vitro and in soil, but not to phosphate buffer or buffer–soil mixtures. Bacteria accumulated radioactivity within 1 h after being placed in exudates from 14C-labelled conidia of B. sorokiniana. After 5 h, radioactivity of the 14C-labelled exudate was reduced to 29–54% of that in the original medium. Exudates from fungal propagules may act as attractants and substrates for motile plant pathogenic bacteria in soil.

scholarly journals In VitroActivity of Glucosinolates and Their Degradation Products against Brassica-Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 432-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sotelo ◽  
M. Lema ◽  
P. Soengas ◽  
M. E. Cartea ◽  
P. Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects

ABSTRACTGlucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites found inBrassicavegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. Both GSLs and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. Information about theirin vitrobiocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin GSLs and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to be soil biocides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 GSLs and GHPs and of leaf methanolic extracts of different GSL-enrichedBrassicacrops on suppressingin vitrogrowth of two bacterial (Xanthomonas campestrispv. campestris andPseudomonas syringaepv. maculicola) and two fungal (AlternariabrassicaeandSclerotiniascletoriorum)Brassicapathogens. GSLs, GHPs, and methanolic leaf extracts inhibited the development of the pathogens tested compared to the control, and the effect was dose dependent. Furthermore, the biocide effects of the different compounds studied were dependent on the species and race of the pathogen. These results indicate that GSLs and their GHPs, as well as extracts of differentBrassicaspecies, have potential to inhibit pathogen growth and offer new opportunities to study the use ofBrassicacrops in biofumigation for the control of multiple diseases.

scholarly journals Apis andreniformis associated Actinomycetes show antimicrobial activity against black rot pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12097
Author(s):  
Yaowanoot Promnuan ◽  
Saran Promsai ◽  
Wasu Pathom-aree ◽  
Sujinan Meelai
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Apis Andreniformis

This study aimed to investigate cultivable actinomycetes associated with rare honey bee species in Thailand and their antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes were selectively isolated from the black dwarf honey bee (Apis andreniformis). A total of 64 actinomycete isolates were obtained with Streptomyces as the predominant genus (84.4%) followed by Micromonospora (7.8%), Nonomuraea (4.7%) and Actinomadura (3.1%). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesame. Three isolates inhibited the growth of X. campestris pv. campestris during in vitro screening. The crude extracts of two isolates (ASC3-2 and ASC5-7P) had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 mg L−1against X. campestris pv. campestris. For isolate ACZ2-27, its crude extract showed stronger inhibitory effect with a lower MIC value of 64 mg L−1 against X. campestris pv. campestris. These three active isolates were identified as members of the genus Streptomyces based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum likelihood algorithm showed that isolate ACZ2-27, ASC3-2 and ASC5-7P were closely related to Streptomyces misionensis NBRC 13063T (99.71%), Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi NBRC 12748T (100%) and Streptomyces puniceus NBRC 12811T (100%), respectively. In addition, representative isolates from non-Streptomyces groups were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. High similarities were found with members of the genera Actinomadura, Micromonospora and Nonomuraea. Our study provides evidence of actinomycetes associated with the black dwarf honey bee including members of rare genera. Antimicrobial potential of these insect associated Streptomyces was also demonstrated especially the antibacterial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria.

Antibiotic Resistance in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Nian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Continued Use

Antibiotics have been used for the management of relatively few bacterial plant diseases and are largely restricted to high-value fruit crops because of the expense involved. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria has become a problem in pathosystems where these antibiotics have been used for many years. Where the genetic basis for resistance has been examined, antibiotic resistance in plant pathogens has most often evolved through the acquisition of a resistance determinant via horizontal gene transfer. For example, the strAB streptomycin-resistance genes occur in Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas campestris, and these genes have presumably been acquired from nonpathogenic epiphytic bacteria colocated on plant hosts under antibiotic selection. We currently lack knowledge of the effect of the microbiome of commensal organisms on the potential of plant pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. Such knowledge is critical to the development of robust resistance management strategies to ensure the safe and effective continued use of antibiotics in the management of critically important diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Proposed Amended Names of Several Pseudomonads and Xanthomonads and Recommendations

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Schaad ◽  
A. K. Vidaver ◽  
G. H. Lacy ◽  
K. Rudolph ◽  
J. B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Type B ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term “pathovar” was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X. oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X. vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X. axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens In Vitro and In Planta with Ultrashort Cationic Lipopeptides

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6629-6636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arik Makovitzki ◽  
Ada Viterbo ◽  
Yariv Brotman ◽  
Ilan Chet ◽  
Yechiel Shai
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Global Food Security

ABSTRACT Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and cause extended environmental pollution. Moreover, an increasing number of phytopathogens develop resistance to them. Recently, we have reported on a new family of ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptides which are composed of only four amino acids linked to fatty acids (A. Makovitzki, D. Avrahami, and Y. Shai, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:15997-16002, 2006). Here, we investigated the activities in vitro and in planta and the modes of action of these short lipopeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. They act rapidly, at low micromolar concentrations, on the membranes of the microorganisms via a lytic mechanism. In vitro microscopic analysis revealed wide-scale damage to the microorganism's membrane, in addition to inhibition of pathogen growth. In planta potent antifungal activity was demonstrated on cucumber fruits and leaves infected with the pathogen Botrytis cinerea as well as on corn leaves infected with Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Similarly, treatment with the lipopeptides of Arabidopsis leaves infected with the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae efficiently and rapidly reduced the number of bacteria. Importantly, in contrast to what occurred with many native lipopeptides, no toxicity was observed on the plant tissues. These data suggest that the ultrashort lipopeptides could serve as native-like antimicrobial agents economically feasible for use in plant protection.

scholarly journals Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Broad-Spectrum Fungicidal Active Compound from Artemisia ordosica

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Gaijuan Tang ◽  
Shuyu Yang ◽  
Wenqiong Hu ◽  
Jingyi Jiang ◽  
He Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Artemisia Ordosica ◽  
Active Compounds

To avoid the widespread resistance of commercial fungicides, new broad-spectrum botanical fungicides need to be developed. In previous bioactive screening assays, extracts of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. (A. ordosica) had highly antifungal activities, but the responsible phytochemicals were unidentified. In this study, active compounds of A. ordosica extracts were identified using a bioassay-guided method, and antifungal assays were performed in vitro and in vivo. The bioactive compounds were dissolved in petroleum ether, and the best antifungal fraction contained four compounds: trans-dehydromatricaria ester (TDDE), 7, 4-demetylnringenin, capillarin, and stearic acid. Among them, TDDE exhibited the highest antifungal activity against six pathogenic fungi and five bacteria. It exhibited significant fungicidal activity against Thanatephorus cucumeris and Botrytis cinerea with EC50 values of 0.464 μg/mL and 1.4 μg/mL, respectively. The living tissue bioassay results showed that the relative protection effects (RPE) of TDDE on tomato leaves, tomato fruit, and strawberry leaves infected with B. cinerea reached 76.78%, 86.2%, and 80.89%, respectively. In pot experiments, the RPE on tomato and strawberry plants infected with B. cinerea reached 84.11% and 96.37%, respectively. Morphological and physiological examination showed that TDDE had significant inhibitory effects on mycelial growth, including increased top offshoot, contorted hyphal tips, and extravasated cytochylema. Meanwhile, bactericidal activities of TDDE were significantly higher than kanamycin and streptomycin in five bacteria, and the plant tissue experiments further demonstrated that it had an 88.31% RPE on walnut leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. jugiandis, 72.18% RPE on potato infected with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and 82.50% RPE on kiwifruit branches infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. The active compounds isolated from A. ordosica in this study show great potential value for developing broad-spectrum fungicides, and also provide an important way to identify and isolate new bioactive products from medicinal plants.

scholarly journals A preliminary study of antibacterial activity of thirty essential oils against several important plant pathogenic bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Popovic ◽  
Zoran Milicevic ◽  
Violeta Oro ◽  
Igor Kostic ◽  
Vesela Radovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Numerous scientific research studies all over the world have addressed the problem of agriculture in the 21st century as being particularly sensitive to climate change, which has caused phytopathogenic bacteria to spread. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to contain this kind of risk in agricultural production (both conventional and organic farming). The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of 30 essential oils (EOs) against three harmful plant pathogenic bacteria of agricultural importance, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The study included in vitro testing, using an agar-diffusion assay. The EOs of Ceylon cinnamon (leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud and palmarosa revealed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, and the maximum mean inhibition zone diameters of 35 mm was found against E. amylovora and X. campestris pv. campestris (highly sensitive reaction), while it was smaller in the case of P. syringae pv. syringae, from 18.25-26.25 mm (sensitive to very sensitive reaction). Maximum diameter of the zone of inhibition (35 mm) was obtained using basil and peppermint against E. amylovora, and rosemary, blue gum and camphor tree against X. campestris pv. campestris. Not a single EO inhibited P. syringae pv. syringae with the resulting total diameter zone of 35 mm, and this test bacteria was resultingly classified as the least susceptible bacterium of the three tested. EOs of lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang, silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel and scots pine caused sensitive reaction of the tested bacteria. Peppermint, black cumin, Indian frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange and neem produced variable reactions from total to weakly or no inhibition at all. Weakly activity was found in niaouli and Atlas cedar. Eastern red cedar, patchouli, Indian sandalwood and ginger caused no reaction of any of the test bacteria. The results offer a basis for further work based on in vivo testing for the purpose of developing ?natural pesticides? for control of phytopathogenic bacteria, thus giving a significant contribution to reducing yield losses in agriculture and sustainable development.

THE ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OBTAINED FROM SPECIES AND INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS OF THE Mentha GENUS AGAINST SELECTED PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Schollenberger ◽  
Tomasz M. Staniek ◽  
Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal ◽  
Beata Dasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Interspecies Hybrids

Plant essential oils of six aromatic herb species and interspecies hybrids of the family Lamiaceae – chocolate mint (Mentha piperita × ‘Chocolate’), pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens ‘Variegata’), apple mint (Mentha × rotundifolia), spearmint (Mentha spicata), orange mint (Mentha × piperita ‘Granada’) and strawberry mint (Mentha × villosa ‘Strawberry’) – were investigated for antimicrobial effects against plant pathogenic bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. The screening was carried out in vitro on agar plates filled with the target organism. All essential oils screened exhibited a higher level of antibacterial activity against A. tumefaciens and X. arboricola pv. corylina than streptomycin used as a standard in all tests. The antimicrobial effect of streptomycin and five mint oils was at the same level for P. syringae pv. syringae. There were no significant differences in the influence of the chocolate mint oil on the growth inhibition of all bacteria tested. Plant essential oils from pineapple mint, apple mint, spearmint and strawberry mint showed the weakest antimicrobial activity against P. syringae pv. syringae and the strongest towards A. tumefaciens and X. arboricola pv. corylina. The essential oils from strawberry mint, pineapple mint, spearmint and apple mint had the strongest effect on A. tumefaciens, and the lowest inhibitory activity was exhibited by the chocolate mint and orange mint essential oils. X. arboricola pv. corylina was the most sensitive to the strawberry mint, pineapple mint and spearmint oils. The chocolate mint oil showed the greatest activity against P. syringae pv. syringae.

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