m na atg io n n if s i . edNw at hue ra nlphlaazcaerddsinre th su eltco in n te si xgtnioff ic d an ev telloosps in ogfn af aftliiocn te adl by drought request life and serious economic, environmental, and social sodes are conm ot m re upno it r y te odr . dTohnuorasgso istance from the inter­ impacts that greatly retard the development process. those that occurred in Austra s l , ias , eBvveerrendmr ents, these epi­ Figure 1.1 illustrates the trend of major natural dis­ England, the United States, and mra az niyl, ou o C th agnhatdsa , suS ch as asters between 1963 and 1992, expressed as the num­ in recent years are not included in these sta etriscto ic usnp tr aiiens , tboetraloafndniu sa a sters affecting 1 per cent or more of the . these disaste lrsgrboyss ty npaet , i o il n lu asltrparto in dgutcht. atFd ig ro u u re gh1t . , 2flroaondkss , aon cc dutrrro in p g ic d al ursitnogrm th siswpeerreiotdh . eTm he osCtefn re tr qeufeonrtRde isasters Drough in the Epidemiology of Disasters (Blaikie et al. s1e9a9 rc 4 h ) acfofm ec ptlienxtbiustc le onsidered by many to be the mo g more a st puenodpe le r sto th oadn of aan ll y na o tu th ra elr ha hzaazradsst , sgh ro ouwpnedthnaattutrhaeldniu sa m st beerrococfud rr reonucgehb ts y d in eccraedae and has (Hagman 1984). For example, in sub-Saharan Afri rd 62 in the 1960s to 237 during the 1980s. H se odwe fr voemr, t th oehdarvoeugahdtvseo rs fet ly heaefa fe rl cytetdommiodr -e 19t8h0asn ar 4e0 re m po il rltcead , tohneeseoff ig u th re esfm or osdtrouungdhet are misleading. Drought is people (Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance 199 ion because the sources of mos rtreopfotrhteesdesn ta attiu st riaclsad re is a in st teerrs ­ Tmh il e li o1n99p1e -o 2plderoaungdhtre in su s lt oeudthienrnaAd fr eifciaciat ff oefc te cde02 ) 0 . national aid or donor organisations. Unless countries supplies of more than 6.7 million tonnes (SAD r C ea C l * = 1 % or more of total annual GNP

Droughts ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disaster Assistance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The 1960S

A West African Sufi Master on the Global Stage: Cheikh Abdoulaye Dièye and the Khidmatul Khadim International Sufi School in France and the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Cheikh A. Babou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
West African ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Dynamic Leadership ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Internal Sources ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Great War

Abstract The recent wave of West African Muslim migration to the West started after the Great War and gained momentum in the 1960s. Sub-Saharan Africans have been particularly successful in finding a niche in Europe and North America partly because of the connection between immigrants and centers of Islamic spirituality and knowledge in Africa provided by a dynamic leadership that straddles the three continents. Based on extensive interviews in the United States and in France and on the examination of Murid internal sources and scholarly secondary literature, this article investigates the efforts of the late Sufi sheikh, Abdoulaye Dièye, to expand the Muridiyya Muslim tariqa in France and North America. I am particularly interested in examining the foundations of Dièye’s appeal, his struggle to earn legitimacy and relevance on the global stage, and the response of diverse constituencies to his calling. I contend that the attraction of Dièye’s teachings to Europeans, Americans, and Africans in the diaspora, is rooted in his dual cultural outlook as a Western educated and traditionally trained Murid.

scholarly journals The American View of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960’s (based on dissertation researches on Congo and Nigeria)

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Latenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Path

The author of the article attempts to analyze the scientific achievements of American researchers on the subject of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960s, using the example of two countries in the region – the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria. In both countries, which decolonized in 1960 and embarked on an independent path of development, during the first decade of their existence, various stormy events took place that shook the entire Sub-Saharan region and largely reflected on processes in other parts of the continent. Therefore, these countries are a particularly striking example on the basis of which this study was conducted. Based on a thorough review of the dissertations on the list, developed and defended in the United States by different generations of researchers over the course of half a century, the main priorities and areas of interest to the American scientific community have been identified. Although this paper does not claim to be a comprehensive and complete analysis, statistics based on available material are systematized in chronological and thematic dimensions. In particular, the events and phenomena of the history of the Congo and Nigeria, which particularly attracted the attention of American scholars, are highlighted. Predictably, the lion’s share of the research was devoted to the events of the Congolese crisis of 1960-1965, as well as the civil war for Biafra independence that unfolded in Nigeria. At the same time, it is found that most researchers were not so interested in the fate of the Sub-Saharan African countries themselves as the role and place of the United States in the region, their foreign policy, and the advancement of American national interests.

Having Their Say, Leaving Their Mark

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Adolphus G. Belk ◽  
Robert C. Smith ◽  
Sherri L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Organization

In general, the founders of the National Conference of Black Political Scientists were “movement people.” Powerful agents of socialization such as the uprisings of the 1960s molded them into scholars with tremendous resolve to tackle systemic inequalities in the political science discipline. In forming NCOBPS as an independent organization, many sought to develop a Black perspective in political science to push the boundaries of knowledge and to use that scholarship to ameliorate the adverse conditions confronting Black people in the United States and around the globe. This paper utilizes historical documents, speeches, interviews, and other scholarly works to detail the lasting contributions of the founders and Black political scientists to the discipline, paying particular attention to their scholarship, teaching, mentoring, and civic engagement. It finds that while political science is much improved as a result of their efforts, there is still work to do if their goals are to be achieved.

A Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Incentives to Patents in India, USA and Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Kadian ◽  
Arun Nanda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Development Process ◽  
Data Exclusivity ◽  
Patent Term

Background:: Protection of Intellectual Property Rights is a clear incentive to innovations; yet, several countries have provided further incentives to patents in pharmaceuticals because the full patent term of 20 years is largely exhausted, before marketing authorization. Objective:: The purpose of this article is to describe the various incentives to patents in the form of financial support, data exclusivity and most importantly extended market exclusivities and comparison of various incentives to patents in the United States of America, European Union and India. Methodology:: The detail of incentives is collected from various articles, latest topics, books, and newspapers. Result:: These incentives create a positive surrounding to encourage the drug development process, strengthen economic growth and improve a balance between new pharmaceuticals in the market and access of that medicine to general public at a reasonable price. Conclusion:: European Union and the United States of America are leading in the field of incentives to patenting in phar-maceuticals as compared to India. Indian Patent Act, 1970, needs to be re-looked in terms of data exclusivity and patent term extensions.

A Study of the Alcohol Policy Development Process in the United States: Theory, Goals, and Methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Greenfield ◽  
Norman Giesbrecht ◽  
Lee Ann Kaskutas ◽  
Suzanne Johnson ◽  
Lynn Kavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Policy Development Process

The Measure of All Things

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Lamy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Large Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
The Other ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Joint Mission ◽  
The 1960S

The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite mission to observe the oceans triggered the formation of the new specialty of space oceanography from the 1970s to 1990s. Previously, in the 1960s in the United States, traditional oceanographers had shown little interest in the possibilities of space and thus space engineers and physicists worked on the first missions (Seasat in particular). TOPEX/POSEIDON brought together two projects, one American (TOPEX) and the other French (POSEIDON). The gradual crystallization of the disciplinary specialty of space oceanography occurred by making available a platform of instruments able to meet an ensemble of varied needs. Battery failures just before the launch of the joint mission meant that the mission had to focus on the essentials (notably El Niño effects). Subsequently, the discovery of a significant rise in sea levels due to global warming resulted in space oceanography becoming a recognized specialty. The case of TOPEX/POSEIDON shows the original ways in which instruments gained a place in the very large range of oceanographic techniques.

scholarly journals Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-680
Author(s):  
SHANE HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Agriculture

A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.

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