scholarly journals Early Wet Season Distribution of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
T A Umbugala ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
S C Hassan ◽  
A Ombugadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria, and a major cause of death in tropical Africa. The distribution of Anopheles species in time and space is a function of ecological factors in a given habitat. This study investigated the distribution of anopheles mosquitoes in the early wet season of 2017, in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Mosquito’s collection was carried out in four locations in the study area using two methods: Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) and Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps. Indoor and outdoor mosquitoes were collected. All mosquitoes collected were morphologically identified using standard procedures. A total of 973 mosquitoes were collected and identified. This comprised culicines 742 (76%) and anophelines 231 (23%). There was a progressive increase in number of anophelines from April 93 (40.3%) to May 138 (59.2%). Four species of Anopheles mosquitoes were identified in the study area: An.gambiae 221 (95.7%). An.coustani 7 (3.0%), An.squamosus 2(0.9%) and An.pharoensis 1(0.4%).More Anopheles mosquitoes collected showed a statistical significant difference between the 2 months and between indoors and outdoors collection (P<0.05). These findings show the presence of the vector of malaria in the study area during the early wet season and recommends early vector control before and during the season to reduce incidence of malaria in Keffi area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Early Wet Season Distribution of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
T A Umbugala ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
S C Hassan ◽  
A Ombugadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria, and a major cause of death in tropical Africa. The distribution of Anopheles species in time and space is a function of ecological factors in a given habitat. This study investigated the distribution of anopheles mosquitoes in the early wet season of 2017, in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Mosquito’s collection was carried out in four locations in the study area using two methods: Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) and Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps. Indoor and outdoor mosquitoes were collected. All mosquitoes collected were morphologically identified using standard procedures. A total of 973 mosquitoes were collected and identified. This comprised culicines 742 (76%) and anophelines 231 (23%). There was a progressive increase in number of anophelines from April 93 (40.3%) to May 138 (59.2%). Four species of Anopheles mosquitoes were identified in the study area: An.gambiae 221 (95.7%). An.coustani 7 (3.0%), An.squamosus 2(0.9%) and An.pharoensis 1(0.4%).More Anopheles mosquitoes collected showed a statistical significant difference between the 2 months and between indoors and outdoors collection (P<0.05). These findings show the presence of the vector of malaria in the study area during the early wet season and recommends early vector control before and during the season to reduce incidence of malaria in Keffi area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Morphological and molecular characterization of endophilic Anopheles gambiae complex, in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
B.E. Bassey ◽  
K.N. Opara ◽  
L.P. Usip
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Gambiae Complex ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Significant Difference

Malaria is still regarded as a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African countries. Anopheles mosquitoes have been implicated as the major malaria vectors. However, species abundance, composition and distribution vary between different ecological zones. This study investigated the composition and distribution of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled bi-weekly from 15 randomly selected houses each from three communities in the study area by pyrethroid spray capture (PSC) method. Adult Anopheles species were identified morphologically and sibling species were further subjected to species- specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing. A total of 269 female Anopheles species were caught between July and December, 2015. The study indicated significant (p<0.05) abundance of Anopheles gambiae siblings, with An. gambiae s.s recording 219(81.41%) followed by An. arabiensis 32(11.90%). A proportion of the samples were unidentified 18(6.69%). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the distribution of A. gambiae complex over the period of the study with a peak in September 89(33.01%). Anopheles mosquitoes were more abundant in Itu Oma 120(44.66%) than West Itam 98(36.43%) and East Itam 51(18.96%). The study also recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher rate of blood engorged female Anopheles (54.05%). This finding showed that An. gambiae s.s was the predominant malaria vector in the area and also, the incidence of malaria been likely to increase during the wet season. Therefore, vector control must be carried out in these communities to reduce the number of these indoor biting mosquitoes. This study therefore, will be useful as baseline data to help design strategies for malaria control in Itu Local Government Area and also facilitate the success of the ongoing effort on the malaria control programme in the State. Keywords: Malaria; Anopheles, morphological; molecular; characterization; Akwa Ibom; Nigeria.

scholarly journals Composition, habitat preference and seasonal variation of malaria vector larval and pupa stage in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Olusi ◽  
I. A. Simon-Oke ◽  
A. V. Akeju
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fourth Larval Stage ◽  
Control Knowledge

Abstract Background The study of habitat preference and identification of malaria vector is one of the important steps in malaria control. Knowledge of local Anopheles mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria parasites has contributed largely to the reduction in the menace caused by malaria infection. This present study examined the habitat nature and identified the species of Anopheles mosquitoes involved in malaria parasites transmission in the study area. Monthly collection and identification of the fourth larval stage was carried out from October 2018 to September 2019. Result The prevalence of An. gambiae complex and An. funestus larvae was 95.86 and 4.15%, respectively. The highest (14.17%) and the least (4.25%) number of larvae were collected in the month of November and May, respectively. Out of the total number of Anopheles mosquito larvae collected during the wet season, 69.77% of the larvae was collected from the clean habitat, while 30.23% was collected from the dirty habitats. During the dry season, the larvae dwell more in dirty aquatic habitat, with 64.74% of the larvae collected from the dirty habitats, while 35.27% was recorded from clean habitats. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the electrical conductivity when comparing both seasons (P = 0.19; X2 = 53.14). The average recorded electrical conductivity in dry and wet seasons were 350.76 µS/cm and 178.91 µS/cm, respectively. The pH recorded in dry and wet seasons were 6.78 and 7.04, respectively. There was no significant difference in the pH when both seasons were compared (P = 0.13; X2 = 54.89). The total dissolve solid where not significant different (P = 0.58; X2 = 13.35) when both seasons were compared. The temperature (P = 0.04; X2 = 43.54) and dissolve oxygen (P = 0.00; X2 = 30.09) were significantly different comparing dry and wet seasons in all the habitats where the immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected. Conclusion The study revealed major vector of malaria parasite in the study location, also the pattern of their breeding during dry and rainy season which is influenced by some selected ecological factors.

scholarly journals Biting behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes in Costa Marques, Rondonia, Brazil

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Klein ◽  
Jose B.P. Lima ◽  
Amazonia Toda Tang
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anopheles Darlingi ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheline Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Made In ◽  
Biting Behavior

Mosquito collections were made in and near Costa Marques, Rondonia, Brazil, to determine anopheline anthropophilic/zoophilic behavior. Collections from a non-illuminated, bovine-baited trap and indoor and outdoor human-bait collections were compared. Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum were more anthropophilic than the other anophelines collected. The remainder of the Anopheles species were collected much morefrequently in bovine-baited traps than in human-bait collections. Anopheles darlingi and An. deaneorum were more frequently collected inside houses than the other anopheline species. But, when collections were made in a house with numerous openings in the walls, there were few differences in the percentages of each species biting man indoors versus outdoors. Anopheles darlingi was the predominant mosquito collected, both inside and outside houses, and had the strongest anthropophilic feeding behavior of the anophelines present.

Seasonal Abundance, Longevity and Population Age Composition of Potential Malaria Vectors in Northern and Southern Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Russell
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Age Grading ◽  
Peak Abundance

Populations of Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled fortnightly for 2 years at Casuarina and Leanyer in Darwin, N.T., and at Appin, N.S.W., and for 3 years at Echuca, Vic. Six anopheline species were recorded at the Darwin sites: An. bancroftii, An. farauti s.l., An. hilli, An. annulipes s.l., An. meraukensis and An. novaguinensis, although only the first three species were common and dissected for age grading. Only one species, An. annulipes s.l., was recorded at Appin and Echuca. The seasonal peak abundance of Anopheles species at Darwin was generally from the late wet season to the middle of the dry season. The proportion of the populations which was parous generally increased with increasing abundance. The oldest females were found in the early to mid-dry season about May, June and July. An average of 4.3% of An. farauti s.l., and an average of 2.6% of An. bancroftii, were old enough to be potential malaria vectors at Casuarina; at Leanyer less than 3.0% of An. farauti s.l., 0.1% of An. bancroftii, and 0.3% of An. hilli were of a potentially infective age. The period of greatest risk for malaria transmission in Darwin was, therefore, from April to August. At Appin and Echuca, populations of An. annulipes s.l. were present throughout the year, being most abundant in mid- to late summer. The populations aged gradually from the spring buildup; the oldest females being found from summer to late autumn. Females old enough to be potentially infective for malaria were recorded at each site during summer: up to 6.6% of the species at Appin and up to 10.3% at Echuca.

scholarly journals Lymphatic filariasis, infection status in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of mass drug administration in Masasi District, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza Lupenza ◽  
Dinah B. Gasarasi ◽  
Omary M. Minzi
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020. Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration (MDA). It is advocated that, regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely. This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District, South Eastern Tanzania. Methods Mosquitoes were collected between June and July 2019 using Center for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps for indoor and outdoor respectively. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified into respective species. Dissections and PCR were carried out to detect W. bancrofti infection. Questionnaire survey and checklist were used to assess vector control interventions and household environment respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effects of household environment on filarial vector density. Results Overall, 12 452 mosquitoes were collected of which 10 545 (84.7%) were filarial vectors. Of these, Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Cx. quinquefasciatus accounted for 0.1%, 0.7% and 99.2% respectively. A total of 365 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus (each with 20 mosquitoes) and 46 individual samples of Anopheles species were analyzed by PCR. For Cx. quinquefasciatus pools, 33 were positive for W. bancrofti, giving an infection rate of 0.5%, while the 46 samples of Anopheles species were all negative. All 1859 dissected mosquitoes analyzed by microscopy were also negative. Households with modern latrines had less mosquitoes than those with pit latrines [odds ratio (OR) = 0.407, P < 0.05]. Houses with unscreened windows had more mosquitoes as compared to those with screened windows (OR = 2.125, P < 0.05). More than 80% of the participants own bednets while 16.5% had no protection. Conclusions LF low transmission is still ongoing in Masasi District after six rounds of MDA and vector control interventions. The findings also suggest that molecular tools may be essential for xenomonitoring LF transmission during elimination phase.

scholarly journals Effect of X-ray irradiation on the F1 generation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and the germination rate of maize grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobifagha Princess Bell-Gam ◽  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Uwaoma Otuodichinma Aguwa
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flour Production

Abstract Background The use of X-ray irradiation in the control of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infesting stored maize was tested at 60, 70 and 80 KeV as part of the international concerted efforts to save maize production and enhance food security. Investigations were done in the laboratory at mean temperature and relative humidity of 29.2 °C and 75.7%, respectively using three varieties of maize. The possibility that X-ray irradiation can affect the viability of maize grains when planted after weevil control process was also evaluated in the laboratory. Standard methods were used to achieve the specific objectives, and X-ray machine snap constituted the exposure time for each dose. Results The results revealed 10% mortality of adult weevils after 24 h and 40% mortality after a period of 7 days. The result indicates moderate effect on mortality. Progressive increase in mortality was recorded as dose increased from 60 to 80 KeV. X-ray irradiation at the doses tested did not significantly (P > 0.05) restrict S. zeamais emergence from maize grains and did not also significantly protect grains against damage and flour production. There was no difference in the pattern of daily emergence of new progenies and pattern of accumulated emergence. The relationship between X-ray irradiation doses and weight of emerging progenies require more specific analysis. Absence of significant difference between the viability of irradiated grains and un-irradiated grains strongly suggests that X-ray irradiation did not adversely affect seed viability, and this gives irradiation technique an opportunity of higher acceptability in agriculture. Conclusions We recommend > 80 KeV of X-ray irradiation or its incorporation into integrated pest management system in order to achieve effective post-harvest control of the pest.

Susceptibility of Aedes Aegypti Against Various Insecticides in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhanda Manzoor ◽  
Rooma Adalat ◽  
Tallat Anwar Faridi ◽  
Wafa Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Moazzam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incomplete Coverage ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Lahore City ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Dengue fever is an arbo-viral infection, widespread all over the world. In 21th Century, there is no safe affordable and effective vaccine accessible yet; vector control is that most effective method for the control of the disease Objective: To determine the susceptibility status of wild and laboratory strains larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti against different group of insecticides in Lahore city. Method: From Lahore sites, larvae were collected where insecticides used for wild strain at high frequency and quantity. The Insectary of National Institute of Malaria Research and Training (NIMRT), Lahore, Pakistan, adults and larvae were collected for laboratory strain.The laboratory strains for larvae bioassays were used. The mosquitoes populations indoor and outdoor collected in 2009, hatched from larvae into adults insectary in Lahore, Pakistan. During this study, four major insecticides groups are used which include Pyrethroids (Deltamethrine 2.5% SC), Neonicotenoids (Imidacloprid 5% SC), Phenyl-pyrazoles (Fipronil 2.5% EC) and Organophosphates dichlorvos (DDVP 50% EC). For data analysis, Minitab statistical software (Version 13.20) used for data expressed as mean ± S.E.M from bioassays. By using EPA Probit, LC was estimated with 95% confidence. The 50 statistically significant p value was <= 0.05. For comparing the concentrations of insecticides, Duncan's multiple range tests was used with significant difference (5% level) using at New Costat. Results: Different location of Lahore samples, Imidacloprid the most toxic to Aedes aegypti's wild strains on the other hand while Fipronil was also active for wild larval samples. Deltamethrine showed least activity against both adults and larval strains. The susceptibility of the eld strains was lower than laboratory strains; resistant ratio varies from insecticide to insecticide. In reporting results, mosquitos' population was resistance because of infrequent and incomplete coverage. Conclusions: This study concluded that Pyrethroids and agriculture pest control play role in indirect growth of insecticides' classes. Based on this study it is suggested that by using new strategies to prevent and delay in growth of insecticides will helpful in Lahore, city, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Circadian variation of fatigue in both patients with paralytic poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celiana Figueiredo Viana ◽  
Márcia Pradella-Hallinan ◽  
Abrahão Augusto Juviniano Quadros ◽  
Luis Fabiano Marin ◽  
Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sleep Parameters

ObjectiveIt was to evaluate the degree of fatigue in patients with paralytic poliomyelitis (PP) and with post-polio syndrome (PPS), and correlate it with parameters of sleep and the circadian cycle.MethodsThirty patients, 17 female (56.7%), participated in the study: they answered the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale and performed a nocturnal polysomnographic study. Eleven had PP (mean age±standard deviation of 47.9±6.4 years), and 19 had PPS (mean age±standard deviation of 46.4±5.6 years).ResultsOur study showed that fatigue was worse in the afternoon in the PP Group and had a progressive increase throughout the day in the PPS Group. We also observed compromised quality of sleep in both groups, but no statically significant difference was found in the sleep parameters measured by polysomnography.ConclusionFatigue has a well-defined circadian variation, especially in PPS Group. Poor sleep quality is associated with fatigue and, therefore, sleep disturbances should be evaluated and treated in this group of PPS.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Environmentally Friendly Mosquito Trap Contained Sugar Yeast Solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutik Ida Rosanti ◽  
S Juwono Mardihusodo ◽  
Wayan T Artama
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mosquito Trap ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rank Score ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Environmentally friendly mosquitoes trap using common daily materials used by community may give hopes in reducing mosquitoes density. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of environmentally friendly mosquitoes trap made from bottle contained sugar yeast solution for reducing the number of trapped mosquitoes. This study consist of two phases and quasi experimental design was used. Mann Whitney test was used to determine the differences the number of trapped mosquitoes indoor and outdoor. The result showed p value 0,000 which was lower than ? value (0,05), so there was significant difference between the number of indoor and outdoor trapped mosquitoes. The average Rank score of outdoor mosquitoes trap (42,75) was more than indoor mosquitoes trap (18,25). We concluded that the mosquitoes trapped which contained of sugar-yeast solution was effective for trapping the mosquitoes especially outdoor .

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