An experimental study of individual differences in reaction to psychological stress

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
Takako Mochizuki
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Stress

Readers’ Perceptions of Lexical Cohesion in Text

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Morris
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Core ◽  
Etude Expérimentale ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Étude Expérimentale

Preliminary results from an experimental study of readers’ perceptions of lexical cohesion and lexical semantic relations in text are presented. Readers agree on a common “core” of groups of related words and exhibit individual differences. The majority of relations reported are “non-classical” (not hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, or antonymy). A group of commonly used relations is presented. These preliminary results indicate potential for improving both relations existing in lexical resources, and methods dependent on lexical cohesion analysis.Les résultatspréliminaires d’une étude expérimentale sur les perceptions des lecteurs au sujet de la cohésion lexicale et des relations lexicales sémantiques de textes sont présentés. Les lecteurs s’entendent sur un « noyau » commun de groupes de mots reliés et présentent des différences individuelles. La majorité des relations indiquées sont « non classiques » (ni hyponymiques, méronymiques, synonymiques ou antonymiques). Un groupe de relations couramment utilisées est présenté. Ces résultats préliminaires indiquent le potentiel nécessaire pour améliorer aussi bien les relations existant dans les ressources lexicales que les méthodes dépendant de l’analyse de la cohésion lexicale. 

Stability of Individual Differences in Cellular Immune Responses to Acute Psychological Stress

1995 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Marsland ◽  
Stephen B. Manuck ◽  
Tara V. Fazzari ◽  
Christopher J. Stewart ◽  
Bruce S. Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Psychological Stress ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals 0265 Cortisol and C-Reactive Protein Fail to Predict Individual Differences in Neurobehavioral Performance Responses to Total Sleep Deprivation and Psychological Stress

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A101-A101
Author(s):  
N Goel ◽  
E M Yamazaki ◽  
L E MacMullen ◽  
A J Ecker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction Individuals show marked differential vulnerability in neurobehavioral deficits from psychosocial stress and sleep deprivation. Although changes in salivary cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP) typically occur across total sleep deprivation (TSD) and recovery sleep, whether these biological markers during fully rested conditions predict individual differences in cognitive performance during TSD and stress remains unknown. Methods Thirty-one healthy adults (ages 27–53; mean ± SD, 35.4 ± 7.1y; 14 females) participated in a five-day experiment consisting of two 8h time-in-bed (TIB) baseline nights, followed by 39h TSD, and two 8h-10h TIB recovery nights. A modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was conducted on the day of TSD to induce psychological stress. Salivary cortisol and CRP from blood were obtained at six time points during the study (pre-study, baseline, during TSD, during TSD after the TSST, after recovery, and post-study). A median split of TSD performance [total lapses (>500 ms response time) and errors] on the 10-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) defined cognitively resilient (n=15) and cognitively vulnerable (n=16) groups. Repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons corrected for multiple testing, examined cortisol and CRP across time points between groups. Results In both cognitively resilient and vulnerable individuals, cortisol increased with TSD compared to baseline in the morning and decreased with TSD + psychological stress in the afternoon compared to TSD alone. By contrast, there were no significant changes in CRP levels throughout the experiment. In addition, there were no significant time*group interactions in cortisol or CRP levels. Conclusion Salivary cortisol increased with TSD compared to baseline and showed a time-of-day effect with stress during TSD. Notably, cortisol and CRP did not differ between cognitively resilient and vulnerable individuals across TSD, psychological stress or recovery sleep and thus are not reliable biomarkers for predicting performance under these conditions. Support NASA NNX14AN49G.

Classroom interaction: Two studies of severely educationally subnormal children

1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Beveridge ◽  
Peter Evans
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Classroom Assessment ◽  
Classroom Interaction ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Inhibition Factor ◽  
Classroom Behaviour

An experimental study of go/no-go discrimination learning had previously indicated that individual differences in learning relate to childrens’ scores on the excitation/inhibition factor of a classroom assessment scale. The current paper reports two observational studies which show that this scale factor also relates to aspects of the children's classroom behaviour. In particular, the frequency of initiation of interaction, amount of speech, number of approaches and likelihood of interacting with the teacher, were positively and significantly related to the degree of excitation of the children. These results were interpreted as indicating that excitable children are more reinforcement seeking than inhabitable children, and that this tendency leads to the differences observed in the classroom.

scholarly journals 0041 Heart Rate Variability Differs in Resilient vs. Vulnerable Adults from Total Sleep Deprivation and Psychological Stress and Predicts Cognitive Performance

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A16-A17
Author(s):  
E M Yamazaki ◽  
K M Rosendahl-Garcia ◽  
L E MacMullen ◽  
A J Ecker ◽  
J N Kirkpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction There are substantial individual differences (resilience and vulnerability) in neurobehavioral performance from psychosocial stress and sleep loss. However, the time course of heart rate variability (HRV) across baseline, total sleep deprivation (TSD), the combination of TSD + psychological stress, and recovery has not been investigated; in addition, it remains unknown whether HRV and blood pressure (BP) differ in resilient vs. vulnerable individuals and predict individual differences in cognitive performance. Methods Thirty-one healthy adults (ages 27–53; mean±SD, 35.4±7.1y; 14 females) participated in a five-day experiment consisting of two 8h time-in-bed (TIB) baseline nights, 39h TSD, and two 8h-10h TIB recovery nights. A modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induced psychological stress on the TSD day. Systolic and diastolic BP and HRV (derived from echocardiographic R-R interval) were obtained at six time points (pre-study, baseline, during TSD, during TSD after the TSST, after recovery, and post-study). Cognitively resilient (n=15) and vulnerable (n=16) groups were defined by a median split on 10-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) TSD performance [total lapses (>500ms response time) and errors]. Repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons corrected for multiple testing, examined BP and HRV across time points between groups. Results HRV showed a significant time*group interaction: while resilient individuals had significantly lower HRV at pre-study compared to vulnerable individuals, their HRV increased above that of vulnerable individuals with TSD and with TSD + psychological stress. By contrast, systolic and diastolic BP did not show significant time*group interactions and did not predict cognitive vulnerability during TSD. Conclusion HRV differed between resilient and vulnerable individuals across TSD, psychological stress and recovery sleep and predicted individual differences in cognitive performance, whereby lower HRV during full-rested conditions predicted resilience to TSD and TSD + psychological stress. HRV, but not BP, is a reliable biomarker of sleep deprivation, psychological stress, and neurobehavioral vulnerability. Support NASA NNX14AN49G.

scholarly journals Functional constraints, usage, and mental grammars: A study of speakers' intuitions about questions with long-distance dependencies

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Frequency Of Use

AbstractThis paper describes an experimental study which attempts to reconcile two usage based approaches to questions with long distance dependencies (LDDs): the Lexical Template Hypothesis (Dąbrowska 2004, 2008; Verhagen 2005, 2006) and Goldberg's BCI (“Backgrounded Constituents are Islands”) constraint (Goldberg 2006; Ambridge and Goldberg 2008). The study replicates Ambridge and Goldberg's (2008) results supporting the BCI constraint; but it also shows that (1) LDD questions with think and say, the verbs which are part of the hypothesised templates, are judged to be more acceptable than predicted by BCI and (2) BCI cannot explain complementizer effects (why LDD questions with that are judged less acceptable than questions without that). The results also suggest that there are considerable individual differences in speakers' sensitivity to the constraint.Thus, the two hypotheses are complementary: BCI explains why certain LDD questions are more acceptable than others, and hence accounts for differences in the frequency of prototypical and unprototypical LDD questions, while the lexical template hypothesis explains the effects of the frequency of use on speakers' mental grammars.

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