scholarly journals Ice-nucleating particles in precipitation samples from the Texas Panhandle

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4503-4520
Author(s):  
Hemanth S. K. Vepuri ◽  
Cheyanne A. Rodriguez ◽  
Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos ◽  
Dustin Hume ◽  
James Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Test System ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Texas Panhandle ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Precipitation Type ◽  
Freezing Test

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence the formation of ice crystals in clouds and many types of precipitation. This study reports unique properties of INPs collected from 42 precipitation samples in the Texas Panhandle region from June 2018 to July 2019. We used a cold stage instrument called the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system to estimate INP concentrations per unit volume of air (nINP) through immersion freezing in our precipitation samples with our detection capability of > 0.006 INP L−1. A disdrometer was used for two purposes: (1) to characterize the ground-level precipitation type and (2) to measure the precipitation intensity as well as size of precipitating particles at the ground level during each precipitation event. While no clear seasonal variations of nINP values were apparent, the analysis of yearlong ground-level precipitation observation as well as INPs in the precipitation samples showed some INP variations, e.g., the highest and lowest nINP values at −25 ∘C both in the summer for hail-involved severe thunderstorm samples (3.0 to 1130 INP L−1), followed by the second lowest at the same temperature from one of our snow samples collected during the winter (3.2 INP L−1). Furthermore, we conducted bacteria community analyses using a subset of our precipitation samples to examine the presence of known biological INPs. In parallel, we also performed metagenomics characterization of the bacterial microbiome in suspended ambient dust samples collected at commercial open-lot livestock facilities (cattle feedyards hereafter) in the Texas Panhandle (i.e., the northernmost counties of Texas, also known as “West Texas”) to ascertain whether local cattle feedyards can act as a source of bioaerosol particles and/or INPs found in the precipitation samples. Some key bacterial phyla present in cattle feedyard samples appeared in precipitation samples. However, no known ice nucleation active species were detected in our samples. Overall, our results showed that cumulative nINP in our precipitation samples below −20 ∘C could be high in the samples collected while observing > 10 mm h−1 precipitation with notably large hydrometeor sizes and an implication of cattle feedyard bacteria inclusion.

scholarly journals Ice-nucleating particles impact the severity of precipitations in West Texas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemanth S. K. Vepuri ◽  
Cheyanne A. Rodriguez ◽  
Dimitri G. Georgakopoulos ◽  
Dustin Hume ◽  
James Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test System ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Immersion Freezing ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cryogenic Refrigerator ◽  
Precipitation Events ◽  
Snow Samples

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence the formation of ice crystals in clouds and many types of precipitation. However, our knowledge of the relationship between INPs and precipitation is still insufficient. This study was conducted to fill this gap by assessing precipitation properties and INP concentrations (nINP) from a total of 42 precipitation events observed in the Texas Panhandle region from June 2018 to July 2019. We used a cold-stage instrument called the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system to estimate nINP through immersion freezing in our precipitation samples. A disdrometer was used to measure the precipitation intensity and size of precipitating particles during each precipitation event. The analysis of yearlong precipitation properties as well as INPs for the samples shed a light on the seasonal variation of the nINP values in West Texas. Furthermore, we characterized the bacteria speciation of the storm and ambient dust samples collected at a commercial feedlot in West Texas to identify potential biological sources of INPs in our precipitation samples. Overall, our results showed a positive correlation between nINP and intensity of precipitation with notably large hydrometeor sizes in storm precipitations. Amongst all observed precipitation types, the highest INPs were found in the snow samples, and hail/thunderstorm samples have the highest INPs at high temperature −5°C.

scholarly journals Polarimetric radar observations during an orographic rain event and the performance of a hydrometeor classification scheme

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 8845-8877
Author(s):  
M. Frech ◽  
J. Steinert
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Orographic Precipitation ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Melting Layer ◽  
Surface Observation ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
Radar Sensing

Abstract. An intense orographic precipitation event is analysed using two polarimetric C-Band radars situated north of the Alps on 5 January 2013. One radar is operated at DWD's meteorological observatory Hohenpeißenberg (MHP, 1006 m a.s.l. – above sea level) and the Memmingen (MEM, 65 km west of MHP, 600 m a.s.l.) radar is part of DWD's operational radar network. The event lasted about 1.5 days and in total 44 mm precipitation was measured at Hohenpeißenberg. Detailed high resolution observation on the vertical structure of this event is obtained through a birdbath scan at 90° elevation which is part of the operational scanning. This scan is acquired every 5 min and provides meteorological profiles at high spatial resolution. In the course of this event, the melting layer (ML) descends until the transition from rain into snow is observed at ground level. This transition from rain into snow is well documented by local weather observers and a present-weather sensor. The orographic precipitation event reveals mesoscale variability above the melting layer which is unexpected from a meteorological point of view. It corresponds to a substantial increase in rain rate at the surface. The performance of the newly developed hydrometeor classification scheme "Hymec" using Memmingen radar data over Hohenpeißenberg is analyzed. The detection in location and timing of the ML agrees well with the Hohenpeißenberg radar data. Considering the size of the Memmingen radar sensing volume, the detected hydrometeor (HM) types are consistent for measurements at or in a ML, even though surface observation indicate for example rain whereas the predominant HM is classified as wet snow. To better link the HM classification with the surface observation, either better thermodynamic input is needed for Hymec or a statistical correction of the HM classification similar to a model output statistics (MOS) approach may be needed.

scholarly journals Radar and ground-level measurements of precipitation collected by EPFL during the ICE-POP 2018 campaign in South-Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josué Gehring ◽  
Alfonso Ferrone ◽  
Anne-Claire Billault–Roux ◽  
Nikola Besic ◽  
Kwang Deuk Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
W Band ◽  
X Band ◽  
Precipitation Type ◽  
École Polytechnique ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Polarisation Measurements ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract. This article describes a four-month dataset of precipitation and cloud measurements collected during the International Collaborative Experiments for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic winter games (ICE-POP 2018). This paper aims to describe the data collected by the Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The dataset includes observations from an X-band dual-polarisation Doppler radar, a W-band Doppler cloud profiler, a multi-angle snowflake camera and a two-dimensional video disdrometer (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.918315, Gehring et al. (2020a)) . Classifications of hydrometeor types derived from dual-polarisation measurements and snowflake photographs are presented. The dataset covers the period from 15 November 2017 to 18 March 2018 and features nine precipitation events with a total accumulation of 195 mm of equivalent liquid precipitation. This represents 85 % of the climatological accumulation over this period. To illustrate the available data, measurements corresponding to the four precipitation events with the largest accumulation are presented. The synoptic situations of these events were contrasted and influenced the precipitation type and accumulation. The hydrometeor classifications reveal that aggregate snowflakes were dominant and that some events featured significant riming. The combination of dual-polarisation variables and high-resolution Doppler spectra with ground-level snowflake images makes this dataset particularly suited to study snowfall microphysics in a region where such measurements were not available before.

scholarly journals Condensation and immersion freezing Ice Nucleating Particle measurements at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) during 2018: evidence of multiple source contribution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Rinaldi ◽  
Naruki Hiranuma ◽  
Gianni Santachiara ◽  
Mauro Mazzola ◽  
Karam Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Test System ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Immersion Freezing

Abstract. The current inadequate understanding of ice nucleating particle (INP) sources in the Arctic region affects the uncertainty in global radiative budgets and in regional climate predictions. In this study, we present atmospheric INP concentrations by offline analyses on samples collected at ground level in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard), in spring and summer 2018. The ice nucleation properties of the samples were characterized by means of two offline instruments: the Dynamic Filter Processing Chamber (DFPC), detecting condensation freezing INPs, and the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system (WT-CRAFT), measuring INPs by immersion freezing. Both measurements agreed within an order of magnitude although with some notable offset. INP concentration measured by DFPC ranged 33–185 (median 88), 5–107 (50) and 3–66 (20) m−3, for T = −22, −18 and −15 °C, respectively, while at the same activation temperatures WT-CRAFT measured 3–199 (26), 1–34 (6) and 1–4 (2) m−3, with an offset apparently dependent on the INP activation temperature. This observation may indicate a different sensitivity of Arctic INPs to different ice nucleation modes, even though a contribution from measurement and/or sampling uncertainties cannot be ruled out. An increase in the coarse INP fraction was observed from spring to summer, particularly at the warmest temperature (up to ~ 70 % at −15 °C). This suggests a non-negligible contribution from local sources of biogenic aerosol particles. This conclusion is also supported by the INP temperature spectra, showing ice-forming activity at temperatures higher than −15 °C. Contrary to recent works (e.g., INP measurements from Ny-Ålesund in 2012), our results do not show a sharp spring-to-summer increase of the INP concentration, with distinct behaviors for particles active in different temperature ranges. This likely indicates that the inter-annual variability of conditions affecting the INP emission by local sources may be wider than previously considered and suggests a complex interplay between INP sources. This demonstrate the necessity of further data coverage. Analysis of INP concentrations, active site density, low-travelling back-trajectories (

scholarly journals Composition and consistence of the bacterial microbiome in upper, middle and lower esophagus before and after Lugol’s iodine staining

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yin ◽  
Li Dong ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Dantong Shao ◽  
Anqi liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Esophageal Diseases ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Lower Esophagus ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Iodine Staining ◽  
Bacteria Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome

ABSTRACTEsophageal bacteria, as the integral composition of human ecosystem, have been reported to be associated with esophageal lesions. However, few studies focus on microbial compositions in different esophageal segments, especially after Lugol’s iodine staining (LIS) in the endoscopic examination for the screening of esophageal cancer. To investigate the composition of the bacterial microbiome in upper, middle and lower esophagus and if LIS would affect the detection of bacteria, 141 fasting samples including the upper, middle and lower esophagus from 27 participants were collected by brushing the mucosal surface of the esophagus before (Eso) and after (Lug) LIS. Bacterial V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced by Illumina’s sequencing platform and analyzed using LEfSe system to identify specific microbiota. The top six abundant bacterial phyla taxa among three locations from both Eso and Lug groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and TM7. In terms of genera, the bacterium in three locations from two groups was all characterized by a highest relative abundance of Streptococcus. Bacteria diversity and the relative abundance between Eso and Lug were comparable (P > 0.05). Bacteria diversity was consistent in different esophageal locations for an individual, but it was significantly distinguishing in different subjects (P < 0.05). In Conclusion, the bacterial microbiome in healthy esophagus are highly diverse and consistent even among three physiological stenosis at all clades. Lugol’s iodine staining would not change local microenvironment in term of microbial composition. These finding provide an essential baseline for future studies investigating local and systemic bacterial microbiome and esophageal diseases.

scholarly journals Polarimetric radar observations during an orographic rain event

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Frech ◽  
J. Steinert
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Orographic Precipitation ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Melting Layer ◽  
Warm Front ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Radar Sensing

Abstract. An intense orographic precipitation event on 5 January 2013 is analyzed using a polarimetric C-band radar situated north of the Alps. The radar is operated at the meteorological observatory Hohenpeißenberg (MHP, 1006 m a.s.l. – above sea level) of the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The event lasted about 1.5 days and in total 44 mm precipitation was measured at Hohenpeißenberg. Detailed high resolution observation on the vertical structure of this event is obtained through a birdbath scan at 90° elevation which is part of the operational scanning. This scan is acquired every 5 min and provides meteorological profiles at high spatial resolution which are often not available in other radar networks. In the course of this event, the melting layer (ML) descends until the transition from rain into snow is observed at ground level. This transition from rain into snow is well documented by local weather observers and a present-weather sensor. The orographic precipitation event reveals mesoscale variability above the melting layer which can be attributed to a warm front. This variability manifests itself through substantially increased hydrometeor fall velocities. Radiosounding data indicate a layered structure in the thermodynamic field with increased moisture availability in relation to warm air advection. Rimed snowflakes and aggregation in a relatively warm environment lead to a signature in the radar data which is attributed to wet snow. The passage of the warm front leads to a substantial increase in rain rate at the surface. We use the newly implemented hydrometeor classification scheme "Hymec" to illustrate issues when relating radar products to local observations. For this, we employ data from the radar near Memmingen (MEM, 65 km west of MHP, 600 m a.s.l.) which is part of DWD's operational radar network. The detection, in location and timing, of the ML agrees well with the Hohenpeißenberg radar data. Considering the size of the Memmingen radar sensing volume, the detected hydrometeor (HM) types are consistent for measurements at or in a ML, even though surface observations indicate for example rain whereas the predominant HM is classified as wet snow. To better link the HM classification with the surface observation, either better thermodynamic input for Hymec or a statistical correction of the HM classification similar to a model output statistics (MOS) approach may be needed.

scholarly journals Taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome in clonal apple rootstock grown on sod-podzolic soils with variant properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
V. V. Bobkova ◽  
S. N. Konovalov ◽  
M. T. Upadyshev
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Callus Tissues

The taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome was comparatively studied in microplants (undifferentiated explant callus tissues, passage 25) and 5-year clonal apple rootstocks 57-490 and 54-118 cultured from corresponding tissues (passage 1) on sod-podzolic soils with variant granulometry, chemical, physical and physicochemical properties. Proteobacteria (91.6 %) predominated in vitro tissues among other endophytic bacterial phyla in rootstock 57-490, while Proteobacteria (52.5 %) and Firmicutes (47.4 %) — in rootstock 54-118. The endophytic Firmicutes ratio vs. in vitro tissues decreases (0.7-2.0 %) in roots and more severely (0-0.2 %) in leaves. Endophytic Actinobacteriota are revealed in 11.7 % in roots of the study rootstock in heavy loam soil, whilst in medium loam their ratio drops to 2.74.1 % in roots and 0.1-0.2 % in leaves. The phylogenetic diversity indices estimation for main endophytic bacterial phyla in apple rootstock tissue recovers their essentially lower diversity and evenness in culture endosphere (Shannon index 0.42-1.00) vs. open soil roots (1.34-2.08). The leaves Shannon index is typically low (0.06-0.13) indicating poor diversity and evenness of the main endophytic bacterial phyla.

scholarly journals William Maurice Ewing, 12 May 1906 - 4 May 1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 268-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Academic Careers ◽  
High Plains ◽  
The South ◽  
Good Education ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Married Life ◽  
Texas Panhandle

William Maurice Ewing was born on 12 May 1906 in Lockney, a town of about 1200 inhabitants in the Texas panhandle. When he grew up he rarely used the name William and was always known as Maurice. His father’s parents came from Kentucky, which they left after the defeat of the South in the Civil War. His mother’s family came to Texas from Illinois and Arkansas. Both families were among the earliest settlers along the edge of the high plains of northern Texas. His father Floyd Ford Ewing was a gentle, handsome, intellectual man with a liking for literature and music, whom fate had cast in the unsuitable roles of cowboy, dryland farmer and dealer in hardware and farm implements. He is spoken of with great affection by all who knew him;he was a talented violinist and also enjoyed fiddling in the Southern style with the instrument on his knee. His mother (born Hope Hamilton) was a small energetic woman. She married when she was 19 and her husband 22; they started their married life with a homesteading venture in New Mexico. The story of the ensuing disasters has been told with great skill and sympathy by Maurice’s brother, Floyd, who was a professor of history at Wichita Falls, Texas (F. Ewing 1963). In 1904 they returned to Texas. Maurice was the fourth of ten children. The three oldest had died very young in New Mexico so that he grew up as the eldest of seven children. Mrs Ewing was determined that her children should receive a good education and should have a wider choice of careers than was to be found in a small west Texas town. In fact all but one, the eldest daughter Ethel, went to university and had professional or academic careers. Ethel married very young and for many years was a most successful teacher of the piano in Tulia, Texas.

scholarly journals Laboratory and field studies of ice-nucleating particles from open-lot livestock facilities in Texas

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 14215-14234
Author(s):  
Naruki Hiranuma ◽  
Brent W. Auvermann ◽  
Franco Belosi ◽  
Jack Bush ◽  
Kimberly M. Cory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Test System ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Texas Panhandle ◽  
Immersion Freezing ◽  
Dynamic Filter

Abstract. In this work, an abundance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) from livestock facilities was studied through laboratory measurements from cloud-simulation chamber experiments and field investigation in the Texas Panhandle. Surface materials from two livestock facilities, one in the Texas Panhandle and another from McGregor, Texas, were selected as dust proxies for laboratory analyses. These two samples possessed different chemical and biological properties. A combination of aerosol interaction and dynamics in the atmosphere (AIDA) measurements and offline ice spectrometry was used to assess the immersion freezing mode ice nucleation ability and efficiency of these proxy samples at temperatures above −29 ∘C. A dynamic filter processing chamber was also used to complement the freezing efficiencies of submicron and supermicron particles collected from the AIDA chamber. For the field survey, periodic ambient particle sampling took place at four commercial livestock facilities from July 2017 to July 2019. INP concentrations of collected particles were measured using an offline freezing test system, and the data were acquired for temperatures between −5 and −25 ∘C. Our AIDA laboratory results showed that the freezing spectra of two livestock dust proxies exhibited higher freezing efficiency than previously studied soil dust samples at temperatures below −25 ∘C. Despite their differences in composition, the freezing efficiencies of both proxy livestock dust samples were comparable to each other. Our dynamic filter processing chamber results showed on average approximately 50 % supermicron size dominance in the INPs of both dust proxies. Thus, our laboratory findings suggest the importance of particle size in immersion freezing for these samples and that the size might be a more important factor for immersion freezing of livestock dust than the composition. From a 3-year field survey, we measured a high concentration of ambient INPs of 1171.6 ± 691.6 L−1 (average ± standard error) at −25 ∘C for aerosol particles collected at the downwind edges of livestock facilities. An obvious seasonal variation in INP concentration, peaking in summer, was observed, with the maximum at the same temperature exceeding 10 000 L−1 on 23 July 2018. The observed high INP concentrations suggest that a livestock facility is a substantial source of INPs. The INP concentration values from our field survey showed a strong correlation with measured particulate matter mass concentration, which supports the importance of size in ice nucleation of particles from livestock facilities.

scholarly journals Fungal and Bacterial Microbiome Associated with the Rhizosphere of Native Plants from the Atacama Desert

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Fuentes ◽  
Héctor Herrera ◽  
Trevor C. Charles ◽  
Cesar Arriagada
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Solanum Chilense

The rhizosphere microbiome is key in survival, development, and stress tolerance in plants. Salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures are frequent events in the Atacama Desert, considered the driest in the world. However, little information of the rhizosphere microbiome and its possible contribution to the adaptation and tolerance of plants that inhabit the desert is available. We used a high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach to explore the composition, diversity, and functions of fungal and bacterial communities of the rhizosphere of Baccharis scandens and Solanum chilense native plants from the Atacama Desert. Our results showed that the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and the bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant taxa in the rhizosphere of both plants. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LefSe) of the rhizosphere communities associated with B. scandens showed the genera Penicillium and Arthrobacter were the preferential taxa, whereas the genera Oidiodendron and Nitrospirae was the preferential taxa in S. chilense. Both plant showed similar diversity, richness, and abundance according to Shannon index, observed OTUs, and evenness. Our results indicate that there are no significant differences (p = 0.1) between the fungal and bacterial communities of both plants, however through LefSe, we find taxa associated with each plant species and the PCoA shows a separation between the samples of each species. This study provides knowledge to relate the assembly of the microbiome to the adaptability to drought stress in desert plants.

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