scholarly journals Global meteorological drought and severe drought affected population in 1.5 °C and 2 °C warmer worlds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Fubao Sun ◽  
Wee Ho Lim ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In Paris Agreement of 2015, a more ambitious climate change mitigation target, on limiting the global warming at 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, has been proposed. Scientific investigations are necessary to investigate environmental risks associated with these warming targets. This study is the first risk-based assessment of changes in global meteorological drought and the impact of severe drought on population at 1.5 °C and 2 °C additional warming conditions using the CMIP5 (the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) climate models. Our results highlight the risk of meteorological drought at the globe and in several hotspot regions such as Amazon, Northeastern Brazil, South Africa and Central Europe at both 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming relative to the historical period. Correspondingly, more people would be exposed to severe droughts in many regions (i.e., total and urban population in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Europe and rural population in Central Asia, South Africa and South Asia). By keeping the warming at 1.5 °C above the pre-industrial levels instead of 2 °C, the risks of meteorological drought would decrease (i.e., less drought duration, drought intensity and drought severity but relatively more frequent severe drought) and the affected total and urban population would decrease (the exposed rural population would increase in most regions) at global and sub-continental scales. Whilst challenging for the rural areas, the benefits of limiting warming to below 1.5 °C are significant for reducing the risks and societal impacts of global meteorological drought.

scholarly journals Global drought and severe drought-affected populations in 1.5 and 2 °C warmer worlds

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Fubao Sun ◽  
Wee Ho Lim ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
South Asia ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The 2015 Paris Agreement proposed a more ambitious climate change mitigation target on limiting global warming to 1.5 ∘C instead of 2 ∘C above preindustrial levels. Scientific investigations on environmental risks associated with these warming targets are necessary to inform climate policymaking. Based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models, we present the first risk-based assessment of changes in global drought and the impact of severe drought on populations from additional 1.5 and 2 ∘C warming conditions. Our results highlight the risk of drought on a global scale and in several hotspot regions such as the Amazon, northeastern Brazil, southern Africa and Central Europe at both 1.5 and 2 ∘C global warming relative to the historical period, showing increases in drought durations from 2.9 to 3.2 months. Correspondingly, more total and urban populations would be exposed to severe droughts globally (+132.5 ± 216.2 million and +194.5 ± 276.5 million total population and +350.2 ± 158.8 million and +410.7 ± 213.5 million urban populations in 1.5 and 2 ∘C warmer worlds) and regionally (e.g., East Africa, West Africa and South Asia). Less rural populations (−217.7 ± 79.2 million and −216.2 ± 82.4 million rural populations in 1.5 and 2 ∘C warmer worlds) would be exposed to severe drought globally under climate warming, population growth and especially the urbanization-induced population migration. By keeping global warming at 1.5 ∘C above the preindustrial levels instead of 2 ∘C, there is a decrease in drought risks (i.e., less drought duration, less drought intensity and severity but relatively more frequent drought) and the affected total, urban and rural populations would decrease globally and in most regions. While challenging for both East Africa and South Asia, the benefits of limiting warming to below 1.5 ∘C in terms of global drought risk and impact reduction are significant.

Urban Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Lück
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
East Central ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
The Impact

The Saxon Mirror and the Magdeburg Law figure among the most important German cultural products in the legal sphere. The Magdeburg Law developed at the end of the twelfth century as the result of an unverifiable tenth-century mercantile law, suitable not only for merchants but also for the urban population. The Saxon Mirror was written between 1220 and 1235 as a fixation of Saxon land law. In complex processes of legal transfer, the Magdeburg Law and the Saxon Mirror merged into countless versions of Saxon-Magdeburg law, which local rulers, scribes, legal practitioners, and jurists adapted to local conditions. The chapter explains how this process occurred in Silesia, Poland, lands of the Teutonic Order, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, and in cities such as Kulm, Thorn, Krakow, and Lemberg. In some of these regions of central and east central Europe, the impact of Saxon-Magdeburg law persisted for up to 700 years.

scholarly journals The impact of climate change on food security in South Africa: Current realities and challenges ahead

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshepo S. Masipa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to examine the impact of climate change on food security in South Africa. For this purpose, the article adopted a desktop study approach. Previous studies, reports, surveys and policies on climate change and food (in)security. From this paper’s analysis, climate change presents a high risk to food security in sub-Saharan countries from crop production to food distribution and consumption. In light of this, it is found that climate change, particularly global warming, affects food security through food availability, accessibility, utilisation and affordability. To mitigate these risks, there is a need for an integrated policy approach to protect the arable land against global warming. The argument advanced in this article is that South Africa’s ability to adapt and protect its food items depends on the understanding of risks and the vulnerability of various food items to climate change. However, this poses a challenge in developing countries, including South Africa, because such countries have weak institutions and limited access to technology. Another concern is a wide gap between the cost of adapting and the necessary financial support from the government. There is also a need to invest in technologies that will resist risks on food systems.

Effect of Proliferation and Resistance of Internet Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 186-220
Author(s):  
Mahmud Akhter Shareef ◽  
Yogesh K. Dwivedi ◽  
Michael D. Williams ◽  
Nitish Singh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Internet Economy ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
The Impact

Information and communication technology (ICT) is the prime driving force of Internet economy. Therefore, before implementing E-Commerce (EC) and E-Government (EG) projects, it is a vital issue to investigate the capability of developing countries to adopt ICT and reveal the impact of adopting ICT among society. However, it is observed that in developing countries, rural and urban population have significant digital divide. We argue that the purposes of implementing Internet-based projects, particularly EG, can only be accomplished and full benefits can be realized if rural population of developing countries has that ability to adopt ICT, the main driver of EG, and if ICT has positive impact on rural population in technological, economical, and social perspectives. Therefore, it is the prime motive of policy makers of developing countries to study the impact of ICT in capability development among citizens prior to launching EG. To study the impact of ICT on both rural and urban population separately through a vertical survey, this research proposes separate ad-hoc and post-hoc frameworks.

scholarly journals Meteorological drought assessment using standardized precipitation index for different agro-climatic zones of Odisha

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-480
Author(s):  
PANIGRAHI BALRAM ◽  
LIANSANGPUII FANAI
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Precipitation Index ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Drought Assessment ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mild Drought

In this paper standardized precipitation index (SPI) is used to assess meteorological drought for all 30 districts covering 10 agro-climatic zones in an eastern Indian state, Odisha. Monthly rainfall data of 115 years (1901-2015) for all 30 districts of Odisha are analyzed using SPI on 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month timescale. These timescales reflect the impact of drought on the availability of different water resources. Results indicate that in all the agro-climatic zones of Odisha, mild drought events have the highest frequencies of occurrence followed by moderate drought events for different timescales. Severe and extreme drought frequencies are comparatively lesser than mild and moderate drought frequencies. SPI analysis shows that 32-46 years are affected by mild drought, 4-16 years affected by moderate drought, 1-9 years are affected by severe drought and 1-5 years are affected by extreme drought during study period of 115 years in different agro-climatic zones of Odisha. It is observed 50.3% areas in the state are affected by drought in June out of which chances of occurrence of mild drought is maximum (28.7%). In the months of July, August and September, 51.7, 48.5 and 46.1% areas are affected by droughts. On average 49.15% areas of the entire state is affected by drought of various intensities out of which the share of mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought is 28.38, 13.28, 5.06 and 2.43%, respectively.

Work in Times of Slavery, Colonialism, and Civil War: Labor Relations in Angola from 1800 to 2000

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 363-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelmer Vos
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Labor History ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn Angola, a trend towards labor commodification, set in motion under the impact of the nineteenth-century produce trade and colonial rule, has been reversed in the decades since independence. Angolans have always worked mainly in the reciprocal sphere, but with the growing commercialization of the economy after the abolition of the slave trade, self-employment has also become a constant in Angolan labor history. By 2000, the rural population was thrown back to subsistence farming, while the larger part of the urban population has tried to survive by self-employment in the informal economy. Wage labor, widespread under colonialism, has become less common.

Some Reflections on Reparation in Post-Apartheid South Africa, using a Couple Therapy Intervention as a Microcosm of South African Society

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hill ◽  
Sylvia Poss
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Depressive Position ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Transference And Countertransference ◽  
Constructive Engagement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Therapy Intervention

The paper addresses the question of reparation in post-apartheid South Africa. The central hypothesis of the paper is that in South Africa current traumas or losses, such as the 2008 xenophobic attacks, may activate a ‘shared unconscious phantasy’ of irreparable damage inflicted by apartheid on the collective psyche of the South African nation which could block constructive engagement and healing. A brief couple therapy intervention by a white therapist with a black couple is used as a ‘microcosm’ to explore this question. The impact of an extreme current loss, when earlier losses have been sustained, is explored. Additionally, the impact of racial difference on the transference and countertransference between the therapist and the couple is explored to illustrate factors complicating the productive grieving and working through of the depressive position towards reparation.

Harnessing Digital Technology to Strengthen the Culture of Reading at Public Libraries in South Africa

Mousaion ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Ramothupi Matolong
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Impact Measurement ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Line Survey ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The Impact

Statistics and numerous authors have highlighted the reading crisis in South Africa. At the same instance, more people in South Africa are embracing the potential of digital technology to provide lifelong learning opportunities and also to strengthen the culture of reading. This study is framed against the backdrop and implementation of the Mzansi Libraries On-Line Project in South Africa – a project implemented in line with the Global Libraries Programme of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The study explored the potential of access to information of digital technology and the contribution of the project to inculcating a culture of reading at public libraries. A benchmark survey was conducted by an independent research company during the pilot phase of the project in 2015. This survey covered library users of the 27 libraries that formed part of the pilot phase, and a further 25 libraries from a representative sample across South Africa. An end-line survey was conducted through a private company towards the conclusion of the countrywide implementation in 2017, based on the Common Impact Measurement System which was customised for South Africa. The benchmark survey found that although ICT in libraries had been used by relatively few people in 2015, the impact of this technology tended to be positive and would be beneficial to the wider society by helping to redress societal imbalances, including education and the culture of reading. The end-line survey found increased benefits of library usage and library technical infrastructure to improve the lives of the communities involved.

Dynamic monitoring of changes in medical and demographic indicators in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 1998 to 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

We studied the medical and demographic indicators in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the last 20 years (1998–2018). A decrease in the population by 4,7 % (р<0,01) was revealed in the Russian Federation in the period 1998–2008, 3,4 % decrease, followed by its growth by 2,8 % (р<0,01); a decrease in the number of rural population in the republic and an increase in the urban population were observed. By the beginning of 2019, in comparison with the 2003 data, an increase in the population by 1.9% (р<0,01), a decrease in the number of able-bodied people in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the beginning of 2019, as compared to 1998, were revealed, by 8,2 %, in the Russian Federation – by 4,7 % (р<0,01). In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) the birth rate remains high, the mortality rate is relatively low, and the natural population growth is maintained.

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