scholarly journals Analysis of deformation bands associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: implications for reservoir connectivity and fluid flow around sill intrusions

Solid Earth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Penelope I. R. Wilson ◽  
Robert W. Wilson ◽  
David J. Sanderson ◽  
Ian Jarvis ◽  
Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Deformation Band ◽  
Seismic Structure ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Porosity Reduction ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Henry Mountains

Abstract. Shallow-level igneous intrusions are a common feature of many sedimentary basins, and there is increased recognition of the syn-emplacement deformation structures in the host rock that help to accommodate this magma addition. However, the sub-seismic structure and reservoir-scale implications of igneous intrusions remain poorly understood. The Trachyte Mesa intrusion is a small (∼1.5 km2), NE–SW trending satellite intrusion to the Oligocene-age Mount Hillers intrusive complex in the Henry Mountains, Utah. It is emplaced within the highly porous, aeolian Entrada Sandstone Formation (Jurassic), producing a network of conjugate sets of NE–SW striking deformation bands trending parallel to the intrusion margins. The network was characterized by defining a series of nodes and branches, from which the topology, frequency, intensity, spacing, characteristic length, and dimensionless intensity of the deformation band traces and branches were determined. These quantitative geometric and topological measures were supplemented by petrological, porosity and microstructural analyses. Results show a marked increase in deformation band intensity and significant porosity reduction with increasing proximity to the intrusion. The deformation bands are likely to impede fluid flow, forming barriers and baffles within the Entrada reservoir unit. A corresponding increase in Y- and X-nodes highlights the significant increase in deformation band connectivity, which in turn will significantly reduce the permeability of the sandstone. This study indicates that fluid flow in deformed host rocks around igneous bodies may vary significantly from that in the undeformed host rock. A better understanding of the variability of deformation structures, and their association with intrusion geometry, will have important implications for industries where fluid flow within naturally fractured reservoirs adds value (e.g. hydrocarbon reservoir deliverability, hydrology, geothermal energy and carbon sequestration).

scholarly journals Analysis of deformation bands associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: implications for reservoir connectivity and fluid flow around sill intrusions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope I. R. Wilson ◽  
Robert W. Wilson ◽  
David J. Sanderson ◽  
Ian Jarvis ◽  
Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Deformation Band ◽  
Seismic Structure ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Porosity Reduction ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Henry Mountains

Abstract. Shallow-level igneous intrusions are a common feature of many sedimentary basins, and there is increased recognition of the syn-emplacement deformation structures in the host rock that help to accommodate this magma addition. However, the sub-seismic structure and reservoir-scale implications of igneous intrusions remain poorly understood. The Trachyte Mesa intrusion is a small (~ 1.5 km2), NE–SW trending satellite intrusion to the Oligocene-age Mount Hillers intrusive complex in the Henry Mountains, Utah. It is emplaced within the highly porous, aeolian Entrada Sandstone Formation (Jurassic), producing a network of conjugate sets of NE–SW striking deformation bands trending parallel to the intrusion margins. The network was characterized by defining a series of nodes and branches, from which the topology, frequency, intensity, spacing, characteristic length, and dimensionless intensity of the deformation band traces and branches were determined. These quantitative geometric and topological measures were supplemented by petrological, porosity and microstructural analyses. Results show a marked increase in deformation band intensity and significant porosity reduction with increasing proximity to the intrusion. The deformation bands are likely to impede fluid flow, forming barriers and baffles within the Entrada reservoir unit. A corresponding increase in Y- and X- nodes highlights the significant increase in deformation band connectivity, which in turn will significantly reduce the permeability of the sandstone. This study indicates that fluid flow in deformed host rocks around igneous bodies may vary significantly from that in the undeformed host rock. A better understanding of the variability of deformation structures, and their association with intrusion geometry, will have important implications for industries where fluid flow within naturally fractured reservoirs adds value (e.g. hydrocarbon reservoir deliverability, hydrology, geothermal energy and carbon sequestration).

Conjugate, cataclastic deformation bands in the Lower Devonian Muth Formation (Tethyan Zone, NW India): evidence for pre-Himalayan deformation structures

2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DRAGANITS ◽  
B. GRASEMANN ◽  
C. HAGER
Keyword(s):  
Lower Devonian ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Deformation Mechanisms ◽  
Lithostatic Pressure ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Kink Bands ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Porosity Reduction ◽  
Pin Valley

The purpose of this study is to use the mechanisms of deformation band formation to help with interpreting the timing of phases of deformation in an area with a complex geological history. Deformation bands and zones of deformation bands are described from the quartzites of the Lower Devonian Muth Formation in the Pin Valley, NW Himalayas. Thin-section analyses show that the deformation bands in the Muth Formation formed early in the diagenetic history before porosity was lost. Deformation mechanisms involved cataclasis, translation, rotation of quartz grains and effective porosity reduction. The orientations of the deformation bands cannot be reasonably grouped with the orientations of faults related to Himalayan deformation in the Pin Valley. Additionally, the deformation bands are deformed by Eo-Himalayan (Eocene) folds, which in turn are cut by later faults. The later faults that cross-cut the Eo-Himalayan folds developed in the already-cemented Muth Formation at much higher temperature and pressure conditions by crystal plastic deformation mechanisms, indicated by quartz crystals with undulatory extinction, abundant kink bands, dislocation glide, elongated subgrains, slightly curved deformation lamellae and pronounced shape-preferred orientation. These two completely contrasting deformation mechanisms on the microstructural scale characterize two distinct fault sets that formed at different depths in the crust. Based on these differences, a pre-Himalayan origin of the deformation bands is concluded, thus representing a set of rare pre-Himalayan deformation structures. After unfolding to remove Eo-Himalayan crustal shortening, the orientation of the deformation bands and restored relative offsets of sedimentary bedding are most compatible with ∼ E–W-oriented shortening associated with N–S extension. The age of the deformation bands in the Muth Formation is bracketed by an early Devonian sedimentation age of the Muth Formation and a middle Cretaceous age of considerable cementation as deduced from compiled burial histories. Accepting a pre-middle Cretaceous age of the deformation bands, maximum conditions of about 80°C and 60 MPa lithostatic pressure during their formation are estimated from the amount of overburden during the middle Cretaceous. We suggest the deformation bands are a result of either the Neo-Tethys rifting event beginning in the early Carboniferous or the extension related to late Carnian/early Norian rapid subsidence, although a hitherto unknown deformation event cannot be excluded.

Tectonic evolution of the seismically active western continental margin of the Indian plate: Implications for kinematic history and fluid flow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamedharoon Shaikh ◽  
Deepak Maurya ◽  
Mukherjee Soumyajit ◽  
Naimisha Vanik ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Deformation Band ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Deformation History ◽  
Kachchh Basin

<p>The deformation history along the E-W trending Kachchh rift basin at the western continental margin of the Indian plate located in the state of Gujarat, India, has been controlled by activation of NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W trending, 0.25–50 km long oblique-slip and dip-slip faults.</p><p>The study is an attempt to establish the kinematic framework along sub-parallel, NW-SE striking group of intra-uplift, striated, high-angle reverse faults, consisting of, Vigodi Fault (VF) and its bifurcation – West Vigodi Fault (WVF), Gugriana Fault (GUF) and its bifurcation – Khirasra fault (KHIF) from the western part of the Kachchh basin in the northern part of Gujarat state in western India. They meet the E-W trending master faults – the Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) to the north and the Katrol Hill Fault (KHF) to the south at an acute angle.</p><p>Fault-slip data consisting of fault plane and slickenside attitudes along with other kinematic indicators were recorded along the faults at 69 structural stations. A total of 1258 fault-slip data were used to carry out paleostress analysis using Win-Tensor (v.5.8.8) and T-Tecto Studio X5 by executing the Right Dihedral Method.</p><p>The NW-SE trending fault system exposes highly porous and permeable deformed sandstones belonging to the Jhuran and Bhuj Formation. The pure compaction bands, cataclastic deformation band clusters, slipped deformation bands and deformation band faults are documented. These tabular structures are densely populated in the fault damage zones of VF, WVF, GUF and KHIF. The field observations related to fluid flow conduits are discussed. We also present the field characteristics and petrographic evidences of chemical bleaching caused by fluid-rock interaction found in the Bhuj and the Jhuran sandstones. The change in the coloration pattern of deformation bands in comparison with the host rock color, presence of iron concretions, iron rinds and liesegang rings are important records of the diagenetic control over the fluid flow. The study is an attempt to the link the tectonic activity and simultaneous chemical reactions that affect the fluid flow transport.</p><p>We attribute the deformation history in the western continental margin of the Indian plate has been dominantly controlled by intraplate compressional stresses induced by anticlockwise rotation and collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate at ~55 Ma. This correlates well with the Kachchh basin where rifting aborted during the Late Cretaceous, accommodated syn-rifting extensional component in the intra-uplift VF, GUF and KHIF. It has then undergone inversion phase due to onset of compressive stresses during the Post-Deccan Trap time up to the present. The NW-SE trending intra-uplift faults reactivated multiple times and generated deformation bands having high porosity contrast with the host Bhuj sandstone.</p>

New insight into spheroidal iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretion formation models: Diagenetic concretion nucleation associated with neutral fluids from a mafic intrusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Potter-McIntyre ◽  
Justin Filiberto ◽  
Susanne Schwenzer ◽  
Jake Crandall ◽  
Scott Perl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Rock ◽  
Deformation Band ◽  
Iron Oxyhydroxide ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Mafic Intrusions ◽  
San Rafael ◽  
San Rafael Swell ◽  
Bleached Area ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Directly west of the San Rafael Swell on the Colorado Plateau in the western U.S., the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone is intruded by a ~2 km long mafic dike. The dike is Miocene; however, the area is also crosscut by Laramide (~50Ma) clusters of deformation bands that are up 500 m long and up to ~3 m wide. The mafic intrusions infused the area with fluids that bleached the red sandstone directly surrounding the dike. On one side of the dike, the bleached area terminates at an adjacent deformation band set ~475 m south of the dike. Field observations suggest that the dike acted as a baffle preventing fluids from migrating further into the sandstone. Spheroidal calcite and iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions are present in the bleached host rock, although calcite concretions (1-3 cm diameter) are present throughout the area on both sides of the deformation bands and in both red and white host rock. Iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions (1-5 cm diameter) are limited to the uppermost bleached section between the dike and the deformation band set. Some iron concretions have solid interiors, and some have well-cemented rinds with interiors depleted of cement. Additionally, some iron concretions are nucleated on individual deformation bands that are ~2 mm wide and iron (oxyhydr)oxide cemented joint faces are also present. Thermochemical modeling shows the infiltrating Miocene fluids were CO<sub>2</sub>-bearing, but near neutral pH. The restricted location of the iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions and relation to the calcite concretions suggest that stagnation of fluid is needed for spheroidal iron oxyhydroxide concretion formation. Calcite concretion nucleation and growth may be quicker resulting in more widespread occurrences, and/or may have preceded the Miocene fluids that infiltrated the unit. The evidence presented here shows that recently proposed models calling for calcite concretion precursors and acidic fluids for iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretion formation may not be correct.</p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENINGKATAN DERAJAT DEFORMASI CANAI HANGAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK DEFORMATION BAND PADUAN Cu-Zn 70/30

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Febriyanti ◽  
Dedi Priadi ◽  
Rini Riastuti
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Band ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Deformation Degree ◽  
Universal Testing Machine ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Zn Alloy

Cu-Zn 70/30 alloy has properties that is relatively soft, ductile, and easy to perform by cold working. However, cold working has the disadvantage that require equipment which has higher loading capacity to generate strength and higher density thus increasing of machining cost. In addition, strain hardening phenomenon due to cold working process resulted in decreasing of ductility material. Therefore, it is necessary alternative fabrication processes to optimize the mechanical properties of Cu-Zn alloy 70/30 that with the TMCP method. TMCP is metal forming material by providing large and controlled plastic strain to the material. TMCP using the deformation percentage variation that 32.25%, 35.48%, and 38.7% from hot rolled research at 500°C temperature in double pass reversible which performed on Cu-Zn 70/30 plate. By tensile testing using universal testing machine can be seen that the Cu-Zn 70/30 alloy on 32.25% degree of deformation, both of UTS and YS respectively are 505 MPa and 460 MPa. Whereas from examination of thickness and density deformation bands by FE-SEM shows denser and thicker deformation band proportional with increasing of deformation degree.Moreover, the values of tensile strength at the edge of the area and the center is directly proportional to the density and thickness of the deformation band.AbstrakPaduan Cu-Zn 70/30 memiliki sifat yang relatif lunak, ulet, dan mudah dilakukan pengerjaan dingin. Namun, pengerjaan dingin memiliki kekurangan yaitu membutuhkan peralatan yang memiliki kapasitas pembebanan tinggi untuk menghasilkan kekuatan dan kepadatan tinggi sehingga meningkatkan biaya permesinan. Selain itu, fenomena pengerasan regang akibat proses pengerjaan dingin menghasilkan penurunan keuletan material. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alternatif proses fabrikasi untuk mengoptimalkan sifat mekanik paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 salah satunya dengan metode TMCP. TMCP merupakan suatu proses perubahan bentuk suatu material dengan cara memberikan regangan plastis yang besar dan terkontrol terhadap material. TMCP dengan menggunakan variasi persentase deformasi sebanyak 32,25%, 35,48%, dan 38,70% dari penelitian canai hangat di suhu 500oC secara double pass reversible dilakukan pada pelat paduan Cu-Zn 70/30. Dengan melakukan pengujian tarik menggunakan mesin uji tarik universal testing machine dapat dilihat bahwa pada material paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 pada derajat deformasi 32,25% menghasilkan nilai UTS dan YS masing-masing sebesar 505 MPa dan 460 MPa. Sedangkan dari hasil pengamatan ketebalan dan kerapatan deformation band menggunakan FE-SEM menunjukkan deformation band yang lebih rapat dan lebih tebal sebanding dengan semakin meningkatnya derajat deformasi. Selain itu, nilai kekuatan tarik pada daerah tepi dan tengah berbanding lurus dengan kerapatan dan ketebalan deformation band.Keywords: 70/30 Cu-Zn alloy, warm rolled, deformation degree, deformation bands

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF IGNEOUS INTRUSION ON THE MINERALOGICAL CONTENT OF IRATI FORMATION, PARANÁ BASIN, IN SAPOPEMA (PR), SOUTHERN BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-360
Author(s):  
Werlem Holanda ◽  
Anderson Costa dos Santos ◽  
Camila Cardoso Nogueira ◽  
Luiz Carlos Bertolino ◽  
Sérgio Bergamaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Rock ◽  
Mineral Assemblage ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineralogical Association ◽  
Irati Formation ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Rock Association

Igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins are commonly related with mineralogical association changes in host-rock. At Sapopema region (Paraná State, southern Brazil), an extensive diabase sill (associated to Serra Geral Formation) was emplaced in pelitic-carbonate succession during post-Triassic. The sedimentary host-rock association includes mostly shale, siltstone and carbonate of the Permian Irati Formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data revealed that heat transfer was not enough to cause modifications in mineral assemblage of the Taquaral Member (quartz + albite + muscovite + illite + kaolinite + chlorite). However, mineralogical content from Assistência Member presented changes probably caused by the intrusion of diabase sill (talc + pyrophyllite + calcite). Talc and calcite were formed due to the reaction between dolomite and quartz, while pyrophyllite was the product of reaction between kaolinite and quartz. EFEITOS DA INTRUSÃO IGNEA NA COMPOSIÇÃO MINERALÓGICA DA FORMAÇÃO IRATI, BACIA DO PARANÁ, SAPOPEMA (PR), SUL DO BRASIL ResumoAs intrusões ígneas em bacias sedimentares dão origem em geral a alterações mineralógicas da rocha hospedeira. Na região de Sapopema (Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil), uma extensa soleira de diabásio (associada à Formação Serra Geral) pós-Triássica, foi intrudida numa sucessão sedimentar constituída por pelitos e carbonatos. A associação de rochas sedimentares hospedeiras, era principalmente constituída por folhelho, siltito e carbonato da Formação Irati, do Permiano. Dados de difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) revelaram que a transferência de calor não foi suficiente para causar modificações na composição mineralógica do membro Taquaral (quartzo + albita + moscovita + ilita + caulinita + clorita). No entanto, o conteúdo mineralógico do Membro Assistência apresentou alterações, provavelmente causadas pela intrusão do diabásio (talco + pirofilita + calcita). O talco e a calcita foram formados devido à reação entre dolomita e quartzo, enquanto a pirofilita foi o produto da reação entre a caulinita e o quartzo. Palavras-chave: Bacia Sedimentar. Intrusões Ígneas. Metamorfização de sedimentos. Reações mineralógicas. XRD. SEM / EDS.

Physical and chemical strain-hardening during faulting in poorly lithified sandstone: The role of kinematic stress field and selective cementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Pizzati ◽  
Fabrizio Balsamo ◽  
Fabrizio Storti ◽  
Paola Iacumin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Deformation Band ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Damage Zone ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Diagenetic Evolution

Abstract In this work, we report the results of a multidisciplinary study describing the structural architecture and diagenetic evolution of the Rocca di Neto extensional fault zone developed in poorly lithified sandstones of the Crotone Basin, Southern Italy. The studied fault zone has an estimated displacement of ∼90 m and consists of: (1) a low-deformation zone with subsidiary faults and widely spaced deformation bands; (2) an ∼10-m-wide damage zone, characterized by a dense network of conjugate deformation bands; (3) an ∼3-m-wide mixed zone produced by tectonic mixing of sediments with different grain size; (4) an ∼1-m-wide fault core with bedding transposed into foliation and ultra-comminute black gouge layers. Microstructural investigations indicate that particulate flow was the dominant early-stage deformation mechanism, while cataclasis became predominant after porosity loss, shallow burial, and selective calcite cementation. The combination of tectonic compaction and preferential cementation led to a strain-hardening behavior inducing the formation of “inclined conjugate deformation band sets” inside the damage zone, caused by the kinematic stress field associated with fault activity. Conversely, conjugate deformation band sets with a vertical bisector formed outside the damage zone in response to the regional extensional stress field. Stable isotope analysis helped in constraining the diagenetic environment of deformation, which is characterized by mixed marine-meteoric signature for cements hosted inside the damage zone, while it progressively becomes more meteoric moving outside the fault zone. This evidence supports the outward propagation of fault-related deformation structures in the footwall damage zone.

scholarly journals Geochronological and thermometric evidence of unusually hot fluids in an Alpine fissure of Lauzière granite (Belledonne, Western Alps)

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Janots ◽  
Alexis Grand'Homme ◽  
Matthias Bernet ◽  
Damien Guillaume ◽  
Edwin Gnos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Wall Rock ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Zircon Fission Track ◽  
Alpine Metamorphism

Abstract. A multi-method investigation into Lauzière granite, located in the external Belledonne massif of the French Alps, reveals unusually hot hydrothermal conditions in vertical open fractures (Alpine-type clefts). The host-rock granite shows sub-vertical mylonitic microstructures and partial retrogression at temperatures of < 400 ∘C during Alpine tectonometamorphism. Novel zircon fission-track (ZFT) data in the granite give ages at 16.3 ± 1.9 and 14.3 ± 1.6 Ma, confirming that Alpine metamorphism was high enough to reset the pre-Alpine cooling ages and that the Lauzière granite had already cooled below 240–280 ∘C and was exhumed to < 10 km at that time. Novel microthermometric data and chemical compositions of fluid inclusions obtained on millimetric monazite and on quartz crystals from the same cleft indicate early precipitation of monazite from a hot fluid at T > 410 ∘C, followed by a main stage of quartz growth at 300–320 ∘C and 1.5–2.2 kbar. Previous Th-Pb dating of cleft monazite at 12.4 ± 0.1 Ma clearly indicates that this hot fluid infiltration took place significantly later than the peak of the Alpine metamorphism. Advective heating due to the hot fluid flow caused resetting of fission tracks in zircon in the cleft hanging wall, with a ZFT age at 10.3 ± 1.0 Ma. The results attest to the highly dynamic fluid pathways, allowing the circulation of deep mid-crustal fluids, 150–250 ∘C hotter than the host rock, which affect the thermal regime only at the wall rock of the Alpine-type cleft. Such advective heating may impact the ZFT data and represent a pitfall for exhumation rate reconstructions in areas affected by hydrothermal fluid flow.

Limitations of soft-sediment deformation structures as indicator for paleo-earthquakes in formerly periglacial and glaciated areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Müller ◽  
Jutta Winsemann ◽  
Thomas Lege ◽  
Thomas Spies ◽  
Christian Brandes
Keyword(s):  
Soft Sediment ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Trigger Mechanism ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Freeze And Thaw ◽  
Potential Trigger ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Flame Structures ◽  
Soft Sediment Deformation ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

&lt;p&gt;During the last years many studies focused on soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) to identify past seismic events. However, in regions that were affected by glaciations and periglacial processes like northern and central Europe, the use of SSDS as paleo-earthquake indicator is challenging. Interpretations require great care. Earthquakes are only one possible trigger mechanism of many that can cause liquefaction and/or fluidization of sediments, which leads to the formation of e.g. sand volcanoes, clastic dykes, flame structures, or ball-and-pillow structures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;SSDS triggered by seismic shaking are so-called seismites. Originally the term &amp;#8216;seismites&amp;#8217; was used by Sailacher (1969) and only referred to sediment beds that were deformed by earthquake-related shaking. Pleistocene seismites are described from former glaciated areas in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, ice-sheet loading, glaciotectonism as well as freeze and thaw processes in periglacial environments are also potential trigger mechanisms causing the formation of similar looking types of SSDS, which can be easily mistaken for seismites. Therefore, it is important to use a set of clear criteria to recognize seismites in the field.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Extensive studies of Pleistocene sediments in northern Germany have shown that deformation bands are a suitable indicator for paleo-fault activity. Deformation bands that are developed close to the tip line of a fault in combination with e.g. sand volcanoes, clastic dykes, flame structures, or ball-and-pillow structures is the most robust indicator for paleo-earthquakes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Seilacher, A. (1969). Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13, 155-159.&lt;/p&gt;

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